Cancer Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What causes cancer cells to develop

A

Multiple mutations in regulatory genes which causes proliferation, lack of differentiation and lack of apoptosis

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2
Q

How does antibody anti cancer treatment work

A

Antibody competes with ligand needed for growth/proliferation and binds to cell receptors instead

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3
Q

How do antimetabolites work

A

Block the synthesis of new nucleotides so cells can’t divide

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4
Q

Which drugs / cancer treatment prevents microtubules contracting/ formation so that chromosomes can’t divide in mitosis stopping cell division

A

Anti microtubules

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5
Q

How do antibiotics for anti cancer work

A

Stop replication of dna by binding to it / stopping unwinding of it to form replication forks

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6
Q

Give 2 major examples of antibiotics which stop dna replication for anti cancer

A

Cisplatin

Daunorubicin

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7
Q

How do steroid hormone antagonists work for anti cancer and give example

A

Inhibit steroid hormones binding or compete with them via partial agonist eg tamoxifen

Can’t translate proteins for mitosis and therefore no cell division

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8
Q

How could binding of steroid hormones to receptors be used as a treatment

A

They could bind to delete genes needed for growth/division

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9
Q

What leads to bad side effects of anti cancer therapy

A

They are non specific to cells eg anti metabolites could prevent production of host dna normally

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10
Q

Why is it hard to distinguish cancer cells from eg gi cells

A

They both grow rapidly

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11
Q

Which drug was found by chance and how

A

Cisplatin antibiotic

They were using platinum electrodes shining through bacteria and found it stopped growth

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12
Q

How does cisplatin work

A

Platinum has 2 x Cl which fall off and bind to dna stopping replication

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13
Q

What is the issue with antibiotic cisplatin (platinum)

A

Cytotoxic and kidney damage

It’s therapeutic dose is close to MTD

Not specific to damaged dna

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14
Q

Which drug was found naturally in strep soil

A

Daunorubicin antibiotic

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15
Q

How does daunorubicin work as anti cancer antibiotics

A

Like fluroquinolones, they bind to topoisomerases to stop uncoiling

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16
Q

Which antimetabolite competes with guanine to stop dna synthesis

A

Thioguanine

17
Q

Which antimetabolite stops purine metabolism

A

Mercaptopurine

18
Q

Why does acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cause anemia

A

Over production of lymphocytes and not enough rbc

19
Q

Which drug is only targeted therapy for cancer cells

A

Imatinib

20
Q

Which gene fusion from chr 9 and 22 does imatinib target

A

BCR AND ABL1

21
Q

What does binding of atp to bcrabl1 cause

A

Phosphorylation of proteins needed for proliferation

22
Q

What does imatinib do to target bcrabl1

A

Blocks atp binding site to stop activation of proteins for proliferation

23
Q

Which inhibitor developed in ncl stops dna repair causing apoptosis and how

A

Parp inhibitor

Targets brca gene mutation in breast and ovarian which would normally repair genes, it blocks repair of dna via other enzymes to cause cell apoptosis