Endocrine System Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sites called where chemical hormones have effect and how do they effect

A

Non adjacent sites via receptors

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2
Q

Why are target sites specific for hormones

A

Only target cells have the right receptors eg v2 on principal cells for ADH

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3
Q

What are produced in the adrenal glands

A

Catechol amines (nadr and adr)

Glucocorticoids (at Fasciculata and reticularis) and mineralocorticoid (glomerulosa)

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4
Q

Which hormones are produced by pancreas and what type are they

A

Insulin and glucagon

Both polypeptide hormones

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5
Q

Why is adipose tissue an endocrine tissue

A

It produces androgens which can be converted to oestrogen via aromatase

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6
Q

Which precursor produces steroid hormones and give examples

A

Cholesterol

Eg cortisol or sex hormones like oestrogen and testosterone

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7
Q

Why do steroidal hormones act on intracellular receptors

A

Lipophillic and hydrophobic

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8
Q

How can steroidal hormones be transcription inducers

A

When they bind they open hinge region so receptor can bind to Dna and recruit rna pol

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9
Q

Give examples of polypeptide hormones

A

Pituitary hormones stored as pre pro hormones eg tsh, fsh , act

ADH

Insulin/ glucagon

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10
Q

Name the 2 types of amino acids which produce hormones

A

Tyrosine - Dopamine , thyroxine , catecholamines

Tryptophan - 5HT

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11
Q

Which amino acid hormone is the only one acting on intracellular receptors

A

Thyroxine

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12
Q

Why are peptide/ aa hormones faster in response

A

Lipophobic and hydrophilic

They have GCPR which causes fast transduction signalling on cell surface

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13
Q

Which nuclei/ cell bodies connect hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary (produce ADH and oxytocin)

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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14
Q

Which cell bodies in hypothalamus produce trigger hormones to the anterior posterior to release more hormones

A

Parvocellular

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15
Q

Give examples of trigger hormones released down the hypophyseal tract to the anterior posterior

A

Gonadotropin RH

Corticotropin RH

GH RH

GH inhibitor

Dopamine

Thyrotropin RH

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16
Q

Name some hormones released at the anterior posterior

A

TSH

LH and FSH

Growth hormone

Prolactin

17
Q

How does glucocorticoid affect metabolism as well as inflammatory response

A

Increases gluconeogenesis

Reduces uptake of glucose by liver

Increases sensitivity to nadr for glycogenolysis

18
Q

What is the cortisol hypothalamus fight or flight response called

A

HPA axis

19
Q

Explain the steps of how cortisol are released in stress from hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone

Goes down hypophyseal tract to anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary produces and released adrenocorticotropin

Binds to adrenal cortex and allows production of cortisol from cholesterol

20
Q

Why is corticotropin RH release called neuronal control

A

Hormone is released due to neuronal stimulation ie at the hypothalamus

21
Q

Why is cortisol release tropic control

A

It is released due to stimulation by release of another (adrenocorticotropin)

22
Q

Why is ADH control neuronal control

A

Because when BV/ osm are back to normal baroreceptors and osmoreceptors send stimulus to hypothalamus to stop ADH productjon from posterior pituitary

23
Q

Why is blood glucose reg via insulin and glucagon at pancreas called substrate control

A

The A and B cells fill with glucose/ detect glucose levels which would then stop or increase release

24
Q

How is entry of glucose to B cells allowing release of insulin

A

Glycolysis generates atp which blocks the K channel

This also stimulated ca channels to open and ca floods in

Ca flooding in causes vesicles with insulin the fuse and they get released

25
Q

How can we interfere with endocrine system to stop things like Cushing syndrome

A

Interfere with

Synthesis
Release
Receptor agonist/ antagonist
Metabolism increase or decrease of hormone

Hormone replacement therapy

26
Q

Why would corticoids be used to stop inflammation and bronchospasm

A

They block phospholipase A2