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Pharmacology > Anti Inflammatories > Flashcards

Anti Inflammatories Flashcards

1
Q

How do mast cells allow fluid / complement cells/ platelets into tissue from blood

A

contain histamine granules which cause endothelial permeability to allow complements in causing immune response to bacteria

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2
Q

Which types of things repair tissue after inflammation

A

Clotting system

Fibrin

Lipocortin

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3
Q

How does fibrin allow scarring to heal tissue

A

Lays collagen down

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4
Q

Why is there no scarring in small cuts

A

Collagen isn’t affected

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5
Q

Which types of things are released when phagocytosis occurs to start inflammation

A

IL8 chemokine

TNF a , IL 6, IL B1 ,

Prostaglandins, histamine

= attract more cells and increase permeability

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6
Q

What is the process IL 8 recruitment which causes Edema swelling in tissues

A

Chemotaxis

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7
Q

What are signalling / inflammatory molecules called produced from arachidonic acid

A

Eicosanoids

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of eicosanoids

A

Prostanoids

Leukotrienes

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9
Q

How is arachidonic acid produced

A

Phospholipase A2 which cleaves phospholipids

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10
Q

Which enzyme is involved in producing prostanoids

A

Cox

Cyclooxygenase

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11
Q

Which intermediate is produced by cyclooxygenase from arachidonic acid

A

PGH2

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12
Q

Which 3 prostanoids are produced from PGH2

A

Thromboxane

Prostaglandin

Prostacyclin

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13
Q

What 2 effects does prostacyclin produce

A

Vasodilation (increase blood)

Prevent platelet plug formation/ clotting

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14
Q

Which 2 side effects do prostaglandin release produce eg in inflammation

A

Pain

Fever

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15
Q

What do prostaglandins allow which increase inflammation more

A

Permeability of endothelium

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16
Q

How is thromboxane opposite to prostacyclin

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation induced

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17
Q

Which enzyme is involved in producing leukotrienes

A

Lipo oxygenase

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18
Q

Which intermediate is produced from arachidonic acid via lipo oxygenase (LOX)

A

5 HPETE

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19
Q

What do leukotrienes do in inflammation

A

Chemotaxis

Attract more neutrophils and eosinophils etc / complements

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20
Q

Can leukotrienes induce their own production

A

Yes

21
Q

What are drugs called which block pain signals (dolor) due to things like Edema

A

Analgesic drugs

22
Q

How can drugs be anti inflammatory

A

Prevent endothelial permeability

23
Q

What are drugs called which stop fevers eg fevers from cytokines or prostaglandins

A

Antipyretic

24
Q

What are the 4 types of drugs used for anti inflammation

A

Antihistamines (antagonists)

Immunosuppressants

NSAIDs eg ibuprofen

SAIDs (glucocorticoids)

25
Q

Why isn’t paracetamol anti inflammatory but is still used for it

A

It is analgesic (pain relief) and anti pyretic (anti fever)

26
Q

Which enzyme does ibuprofen block stopping inflammation

A

COX1 mostly

COX2 also

27
Q

Is ibuprofen analgesic

A

Yes

28
Q

What is the difference between cox 1 and cox 2

A

Cox 1 is always expressed

Cox 2 is only expressed during inflammation eg to increase inflammation via prostaglandin permeability or vaso dilation via prostacyclin

29
Q

Which type of inhibitor is aspirin for cox 1 and 2

A

Irreversible (binds with covalent bonds)

30
Q

Why can aspirin cause bleeding

A

Stops thromboxane production which would usually cause construction and platelet formation

31
Q

Which nsaid drug is only a cox 2 inhibitor

A

Celecoxib

32
Q

Why is celecoxib better than aspirin and ibuprofen

A

Only blocks cox 2 which is when inflammation occurs

Doesn’t stop production of others during normal times which would usually cause clotting etc = fewer side effects

33
Q

What are SAIDs

A

Glucocorticoids eg cortisol

34
Q

What do glucocorticoids target

A

Gene transcription

35
Q

How are glucocorticoids immunosuppressive

A

Decrease levels of phospholipids

Induce lipocortin which blocks A2 Phospholipase

Also decrease COX transcription

These stop inflammation

36
Q

How is the likes of blocking cox transcription, or Phospholipase A2 inflammation stopping

A

Because no prostacyclin for vasodilation

No prostaglandins for increased permeability

37
Q

What are the 3 main effects of glucocorticoids

A

Cushing syndrome

Immunosupression

Hyperglycaemia (they increase glucose levels)

38
Q

Which gene do glucocorticoids target which stops cox transcription

A

NF kb

39
Q

Which gene do glucocorticoids stop expression of which then impairs wound healing and vitamin c and D

A

Ap1

40
Q

Which 2 genes do glucocorticoids up regulate to cause immunosuppressant

A

Lipocortin

Tyrosine aminotransferase

41
Q

What is an example of a natural glucocorticoid

A

ACTH - induced cortisol production

42
Q

What types of artificial glucocorticoids are there

A

Allergy treatment

Inhalers for asthma

43
Q

Which cytokine does cortisol inhibit to stop prostaglandin production and therefore stop inflammation

A

TNFa

44
Q

Which cells do cortisol inhibit in inflammation

A

TH1 cells (macrophages)

45
Q

Which response does cortisol increase which reverts inflammation

A

TH2 pathway

46
Q

Which product is decreased with glucocorticoids and result of Cushing syndrome

A

Collagen

47
Q

What causes Cushing syndrome features like moon face

A

Fat deposits

48
Q

Which 2 types of Cushing syndrome are there

A

Iatrogenic - high dose of corticoids

Endogenous - acth over production

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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