Session 14 - Innate immunity Flashcards
What cells have both MHC I (Major Histocompatibility Complex) and MHC II molecules on their surface?
a. Dendritic cells
b. Erythrocytes
c. Endothelial cells
d. All nucleated cells
Dendritic cells
Which of the following are clinical signs of inflammation?
a. Pain, atrophy, redness, crusting, rigidity
b. Heat, redness, swelling, loss of function, pain
c. Heat, pallor, hemorrhage, pain, weakness
d. Coolness, pallor, swelling, loss of function, numbnes
Heat, redness, swelling, loss of function, pain
Interferon alpha can be used in cats to treat various viral diseases including feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline herpesvirus, a common cause of upper respiratory infections. How does Interferon alpha help fight viral infections?
a. It prevents the virus from invading nearby cells.
b. It upregulates expression of MHC II molecules in infected tissue cells.
c. It directly destroys viruses.
d. It activates neutrophils.
It prevents the virus from invading nearby cells.
What is the mechanism of fever?
a. Increase in body temperature due to an increase in external temperature
b. Internal heat production leading to an increase in body temperature
c. Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to an increase in the body’s set temperature
Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to an increase in the body’s set temperature
What are the two endpoints of innate immunity?
a. Formation of immune complexes and inflammation
b. Extravasation of leukocytes and complete elimination of pathogens
c. Production of antibodies and return to normal function
d. Inflammation and anti-viral actions
Inflammation and anti-viral actions
What is the purpose of Toll-like receptors?
a. They are circulating proteins that bind to bacterial antigens to initiate the complement cascade.
b. They cause endothelial cells to contract, allowing leukocytes to leave the blood vessel.
c. They send signals to the nucleus of immune cells to produce interferons and other cytokines.
d. They are receptors on the surface of damaged cells that alert the immune system.
They send signals to the nucleus of immune cells to produce interferons and other cytokines.
PECAMs are involved in what part of the leukocyte adhesion cascade?
a. They facilitate leukocyte transmigration out of the vascular space.
b. They bind to receptors on leukocytes to slow them down so they can marginate.
c. They firmly adhere to leukocytes on the vascular wall to stop leukocyte rolling.
d. They call leukocytes to the site of infection.
They facilitate leukocyte transmigration out of the vascular space.
What is a difference between the classical and alternative complement pathways?
a. The alternative pathway involves binding of host lectin with mannose molecules on the surface of certain microbe. The classical pathway does not.
b. The alternative pathway involves the creation of C3a and C5a while the classical pathway does not.
c. The classical pathway is antibody-activated while the alternative pathway is activated directly through binding to antigen on the microbe.
d. The classical pathway results in the activation of the MAC complex while the alternative pathway does not.
The classical pathway is antibody-activated while the alternative pathway is activated directly through binding to antigen on the microbe.
What is chemotaxis?
a. When leukocytes leave the bone marrow.
b. When leukocytes follow chemokines to the site of inflammation.
c. When leukocytes interact with selectins on the surface of endothelial cells.
d. When leukocytes squeeze between the endothelial cells from the blood vessel into the extravascular space
When leukocytes follow chemokines to the site of inflammation.
What is the function of the MAC (membrane attack complex)?
a. It is a mechanism by which bacteria attack host cells.
b. It is a complement structure that forms a pore in the cell wall leading to lysis.
c. It is a mechanism by which bacteria attack host cells.
d. It is an opsonin that attaches to the microbe surface, allowing for enhanced phagocytosis.
It is a complement structure that forms a pore in the cell wall leading to lysis.
