SERP science review Flashcards
study study study
What are the 9 basic characteristics that determine if something is alive?
Cells
Organization
Carbon-Based Biochemistry
Energy and Metabolism
Development and Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Response to Stimuli
Adaptation
What is the limitation of most models?
they don’t act or behave like the real thing
What are the 3 parts to The Cell Theory?
- All organisms are composed of one or more cell
- The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things
- All cells come from existing cells
What are the five levels of organization within an organism (from simplest to most complex)?
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Give an example of each of the 5 levels of organization within an organism.
Cell Plant or Animal Cell
Tissue Nervous Tissue, Vascular tissue
Organ Heart, Leaf
Organ System Cardiovascular system, Root system
Organism Human, oak tree
Define a cell.
A cell is the basic unit of life that contains all of the materials necessary for life.
What structures are found in plant cells (11)
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
What structures are in an Animal Cell (9)
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Cell Membrane
cytoplasm
Function of Nucleus
controls the functions of cell and contains the DNA
Function of Mitochondria
conducts cellular respiration
Function of Chloroplast
conducts photosynthesis
know plant and animal diagram
yes
function of cell membrane
flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls which materials enter and leave the cell.
function of cell wall
rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell.
function of cytoplasm
gel-like liquid inside the cell that cell organelles are suspended in
function of vacuole
store substances for the cell.
What do both cells & organisms have in common?
Both cells and an individual organism have some similar functions like waste removal reproduction, and growth and development
How do you calculate the total power of magnification of a microscope?
You multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens.
What were Francis Crick & James Watson best known for?
They were best known for proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule
Define homeostasis
keep a condition of stability within its internal environment
give some examples of the body maintaining homeostasis?
sweating, shivering, throwing up
know punnett squares
yes
In which organelle is genetic information stored within the cell?
nucleus
What smaller “parts” make-up chromosomes
gene
What is heredity?
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
study mitosis and meiosis
yes
Define the Integumentary System
Help the body maintain a stable and healthy internal environment
8 additional functions of the Integumentary System.
1 It keeps water in your body
2 It stores water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D.
3 It keeps foreign particles out of your body
4 It allows you to feel your environment
5 It protects the body against sunburn
6 It helps regulate your body’s temperature
7 It helps excrete waste materials through the
skin.
8 It generates vitamin D through exposure to UV
light.
know skin diagram
yes
state the names of the 4 major tissues located within the human body.
Epitheal, Muscle, Nervous, Connective
description of epidermis
The thin, outer, dead layer of skin.
description of dermis
The thick, inner, living layer of skin below the epidermis that contain oil and sweat glands.
Which two body systems work together to experience touch?
Nervous and Integumentary
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Skin
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
support and protect the body
definition of sliding (gliding) joint
Small bones that move freely
what two locations are sliding and gliding joints found
wrist and ankle
definition of ball-and-socket joint
Allows movement in all directions
what two locations are ball-and-socket joints found
shoulder and hip
definition of a hinge joint
Only move forwards and backwards
what two locations are hinge joints found
elbow and knee
definition of a pivotal joint
Allows for rotational movement
give 2 locations where pivotal joints are found
vertebrae and head on neck vertebrae
What are the main functions of the muscular system?
movement
where is smooth muscle found
digestive tract and wall of blood vessels
where is cardiac muscle found
heart
where is skeletal muscle found
found connected to bones throughout the body
What type of muscle tissue would be considered voluntary & involuntary muscle action?
Voluntary Muscle Action- skeletal
Involuntary Muscle Action -smooth, cardiac, skeletal
study skeleton diagram
yes
What is the axial skeleton’s purpose and which bones are it made of?
purpose- to provide provide protection.
bones- skull, sternum, rib cage, vertebrae, and the skull
What would be the main body systems involved in movement?
Nervous
Muscular
Integumentary
What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
transport blood around your body to deliver nutrients and take waste products away from each of your body’s cells.
definition of red blood cells
transport oxygen to each of your body cells
definition of White Blood Cells
destroys pathogens and helps clean wounds
definition of platelets
cell fragment that helps clot the blood.
definition of plasma
the fluid part of the blood
what prevents the blood from flowing backwards in veins and in the heart.
valves
The cardiovascular system depends on the respiratory system to…
supply the blood with carbon dioxide and take away waste products
The respiratory system depends on the cardiovascular system to …
deliver nutrients to each one of the respiratory system’s organs and take away waste products
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
How is air inhaled (4 things)
ribe cage expands
oxygen goes in
diaphragm goes down
diaphragm contracts
how is air exhaled (4 things)
rib cage goes back to resting position
carbon dioxide goes out
diaphragm relaxes
diaphragm moves up
What do gills do for fish and how does that relate to the human body?
Gills remove oxygen from the water for a fish to breathe. It is comparative to the lungs (alveoli) in the human respiratory system taking oxygen out of the air to breathe.
- What two body systems are involved in bringing in oxygen and transporting it around the body?
respiratory and cardiovascular
- What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
collect extracellular fluid from the tissue and return it to the blood and fight infections
- What are the 6 major organs / structures of the lymphatic system?
lymph nodes
lymph vessels
bone marrow
tonsils
thymus
spleen
- What are the main functions of the digestive system?
break down food and turn it into small enough nutrients that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
- What type of digestion occurs in the mouth AND explain how.
Mechanical Digestion-teeth chewing and crushing food
Chemical Digestion-Silva chemically breaks down food
Define Mechanical & Chemical Digestion.
Mechanical Digestion- Digestion that causes physical change
Chemical Digestion-Digestion that causes a chemical change (large molecules are borken down into nutrients)
- What is peristalsis?
Rhythmic smooth muscle action that forces food through the digestive tract
- What is chyme?
the food when it gets down into the stomach.
What organs are part of your digestive tract
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus
what organs are considered an accessory
organs to the digestive system?
Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gall Bladder
What are the main functions (list 3) of the pancreas
make pancreatic enzymes
produce a bicarbonate to neutralize acids in the small intestine from the stomach
control insulin and regulating blood sugar levels
what systems include the pancreas
digestive and endocrine
- What are the main functions of the urinary system?
remove waste from blood and regulate body fluid levels
How do the integumentary systems excrete waste material
removes sweat across a sweat gland in the skin
How does the respiratory system excrete waste material
removes CO^2 across the alveoli in the lungs
how does the urinary system excrete waste material
removes urine across a nephron in the kidneys
What structures are a part of the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
what structures are a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
all body nerves including motor and sensory neurons.
- The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. What are some functions that it controls?
thoughts, feelings, and emotions
- What is the main function of a neuron?
transfers messages throughout the body in the form of fast-moving electrical energy.
- What body systems would be involved in pulling your hand away from a hot stove?
integumentary system (to come into contact with)
nervous system (to feel and send impulses)
muscular system (to move)
- What are the main functions of the endocrine system?
ductless glands that regulate body-fluid balance, growth, and sexual development through the use of hormones.
- The Fight-or-Flight Response is controlled by which body system?
endocrine system
function of adrenal gland
Glands that help the body respond to stress and danger
function of thyroid gland
increase the rate at which you use energy/metabolism
function of parathyroid gland
regulates calcium in the blood
Pancreas definiton
controls insulin and regulates blood sugar levels
How many chromosomes are in a human game cell (sex cells)?
23
How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?
46
study Sexual vs Asexual chart
yes
why do animals reproduce
to make more of their own species
What is the pathway of eggs through the female’s body?
ovaries-fallopian tube-uterus-vagina
- Where does the primary source of energy for Earth processes come from?
sun
- What 5 factors allow life to exist on Earth?
liquid water
good temperature range
atmosphere
nutrients
energy
Which of the 5 main factors is the most important in finding life on other plants?
liquid water
- Why is liquid water important for life to exist on a planet?
it transports vital substances inside the organism,
influences the world’s climate patterns (it takes so much energy to change the temperature of water even one degree)
, and helps the planet maintain a constant temperature.
- What is ozone?
made of 3 oxygen atoms that block most ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface.
- What is Homeostasis?
the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment
What are the 9 characteristics of life?
Cells
Organization
Carbon-Based Biochemistry
Energy and Metabolism
Development and Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Response to Stimuli
Adaptation
life requirements for temperature
between -15 degrees Celsius and 115 degrees Celsius
life requirements for water
Access to liquid water on a regular basis
life requirements for the atmosphere
Gasses to insulate the planet from UV radiation (like ozone) and provide chemicals for building cells (gravity holds an atmosphere to the planet)
life requirements for energy
Organisms must need either light or chemical energy to run their life processes.
life requirements for nutrients
Must have needed raw materials and a way to cycle the nutrients
where are reactants and where are products
reactants on the left
products on the right
vocab
yes
mitosis and meiosis diagram
yes
bone diagram
yes
skin diagram
yes
What is made of epithelial tissue
skin
what is made of muscle tissue
muscles
what is made of nervous tissue
nerves
what is made of connective tissue
bones
blood
cartilage
function of epidermis
- protects underlying tissues from drying out
- protects from infection
- protects from sunburn,
- keeps water in the body,
and keeps harmful chemicals out of the body.
functions of oil glands
produce oil that keeps hair from drying out
helps waterproof the epidermis
the function of sweat glands
sweat to cool the body
sweat removes waste materials from the body
additional functions of the skeletal system
protection,
storage,
Aide in movement
blood cell formation
How do muscles work in pairs to move the body (explain both flexors & extensors)?
Your muscles work in pairs to create smooth muscle action. Flexors are muscles that will bend a part of your body when they contract (like biceps or hamstrings). Extensors are muscles that will straighten a part of your body when they contract (like triceps and quadriceps). You bend towards a flexor
does the digestive system make energy
( It doesn’t make energy… it breaks down nutrients) (your cell makes energy when they do cellular respiration)
what movements does the cerebrum control
voluntary movements
what does Ozone help with
decreases health issues that could be caused by the sun
