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SERP science review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 9 basic characteristics that determine if something is alive?

A

Cells
Organization
Carbon-Based Biochemistry
Energy and Metabolism
Development and Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Response to Stimuli
Adaptation

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2
Q

What is the limitation of most models?

A

they don’t act or behave like the real thing

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts to The Cell Theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cell
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things
  3. All cells come from existing cells
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4
Q

What are the five levels of organization within an organism (from simplest to most complex)?

A

Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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5
Q

Give an example of each of the 5 levels of organization within an organism.

A

Cell Plant or Animal Cell
Tissue Nervous Tissue, Vascular tissue
Organ Heart, Leaf
Organ System Cardiovascular system, Root system
Organism Human, oak tree

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6
Q

Define a cell.

A

A cell is the basic unit of life that contains all of the materials necessary for life.

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7
Q

What structures are found in plant cells (11)

A

Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What structures are in an Animal Cell (9)

A

Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Cell Membrane
cytoplasm

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9
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

controls the functions of cell and contains the DNA

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10
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

conducts cellular respiration

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11
Q

Function of Chloroplast

A

conducts photosynthesis

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12
Q

know plant and animal diagram

A

yes

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13
Q

function of cell membrane

A

flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls which materials enter and leave the cell.

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14
Q

function of cell wall

A

rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell.

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15
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

gel-like liquid inside the cell that cell organelles are suspended in

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16
Q

function of vacuole

A

store substances for the cell.

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17
Q

What do both cells & organisms have in common?

A

Both cells and an individual organism have some similar functions like waste removal reproduction, and growth and development

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18
Q

How do you calculate the total power of magnification of a microscope?

A

You multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens.

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19
Q

What were Francis Crick & James Watson best known for?

A

They were best known for proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule

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20
Q

Define homeostasis

A

keep a condition of stability within its internal environment

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21
Q

give some examples of the body maintaining homeostasis?

A

sweating, shivering, throwing up

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22
Q

know punnett squares

A

yes

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23
Q

In which organelle is genetic information stored within the cell?

A

nucleus

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24
Q

What smaller “parts” make-up chromosomes

A

gene

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25
Q

What is heredity?

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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26
Q

study mitosis and meiosis

A

yes

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27
Q

Define the Integumentary System

A

Help the body maintain a stable and healthy internal environment

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28
Q

8 additional functions of the Integumentary System.

A

1 It keeps water in your body

2 It stores water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D.

3 It keeps foreign particles out of your body

4 It allows you to feel your environment

5 It protects the body against sunburn

6 It helps regulate your body’s temperature

7 It helps excrete waste materials through the
skin.

8 It generates vitamin D through exposure to UV
light.

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29
Q

know skin diagram

A

yes

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30
Q

state the names of the 4 major tissues located within the human body.

A

Epitheal, Muscle, Nervous, Connective

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31
Q

description of epidermis

A

The thin, outer, dead layer of skin.

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32
Q

description of dermis

A

The thick, inner, living layer of skin below the epidermis that contain oil and sweat glands.

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32
Q

Which two body systems work together to experience touch?

A

Nervous and Integumentary

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33
Q

What is the largest organ in the human body?

A

Skin

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34
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A

support and protect the body

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35
Q

definition of sliding (gliding) joint

A

Small bones that move freely

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36
Q

what two locations are sliding and gliding joints found

A

wrist and ankle

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37
Q

definition of ball-and-socket joint

A

Allows movement in all directions

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38
Q

what two locations are ball-and-socket joints found

A

shoulder and hip

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39
Q

definition of a hinge joint

A

Only move forwards and backwards

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40
Q

what two locations are hinge joints found

A

elbow and knee

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41
Q

definition of a pivotal joint

A

Allows for rotational movement

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42
Q

give 2 locations where pivotal joints are found

A

vertebrae and head on neck vertebrae

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43
Q

What are the main functions of the muscular system?

A

movement

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44
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

digestive tract and wall of blood vessels

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45
Q

where is cardiac muscle found

A

heart

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46
Q

where is skeletal muscle found

A

found connected to bones throughout the body

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47
Q

What type of muscle tissue would be considered voluntary & involuntary muscle action?

A

Voluntary Muscle Action- skeletal

Involuntary Muscle Action -smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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48
Q

study skeleton diagram

A

yes

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49
Q

What is the axial skeleton’s purpose and which bones are it made of?

A

purpose- to provide provide protection.

bones- skull, sternum, rib cage, vertebrae, and the skull

50
Q

What would be the main body systems involved in movement?

A

Nervous
Muscular
Integumentary

51
Q

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport blood around your body to deliver nutrients and take waste products away from each of your body’s cells.

52
Q

definition of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen to each of your body cells

53
Q

definition of White Blood Cells

A

destroys pathogens and helps clean wounds

54
Q

definition of platelets

A

cell fragment that helps clot the blood.

55
Q

definition of plasma

A

the fluid part of the blood

56
Q

what prevents the blood from flowing backwards in veins and in the heart.

A

valves

57
Q

The cardiovascular system depends on the respiratory system to…

A

supply the blood with carbon dioxide and take away waste products

58
Q

The respiratory system depends on the cardiovascular system to …

A

deliver nutrients to each one of the respiratory system’s organs and take away waste products

59
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide

60
Q

How is air inhaled (4 things)

A

ribe cage expands
oxygen goes in
diaphragm goes down
diaphragm contracts

61
Q

how is air exhaled (4 things)

A

rib cage goes back to resting position
carbon dioxide goes out
diaphragm relaxes
diaphragm moves up

62
Q

What do gills do for fish and how does that relate to the human body?

A

Gills remove oxygen from the water for a fish to breathe. It is comparative to the lungs (alveoli) in the human respiratory system taking oxygen out of the air to breathe.

63
Q
  1. What two body systems are involved in bringing in oxygen and transporting it around the body?
A

respiratory and cardiovascular

64
Q
  1. What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
A

collect extracellular fluid from the tissue and return it to the blood and fight infections

65
Q
  1. What are the 6 major organs / structures of the lymphatic system?
A

lymph nodes
lymph vessels
bone marrow
tonsils
thymus
spleen

66
Q
  1. What are the main functions of the digestive system?
A

break down food and turn it into small enough nutrients that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

67
Q
  1. What type of digestion occurs in the mouth AND explain how.
A

Mechanical Digestion-teeth chewing and crushing food

Chemical Digestion-Silva chemically breaks down food

68
Q

Define Mechanical & Chemical Digestion.

A

Mechanical Digestion- Digestion that causes physical change

Chemical Digestion-Digestion that causes a chemical change (large molecules are borken down into nutrients)

69
Q
  1. What is peristalsis?
A

Rhythmic smooth muscle action that forces food through the digestive tract

70
Q
  1. What is chyme?
A

the food when it gets down into the stomach.

71
Q

What organs are part of your digestive tract

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

72
Q

what organs are considered an accessory
organs to the digestive system?

A

Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gall Bladder

73
Q

What are the main functions (list 3) of the pancreas

A

make pancreatic enzymes

produce a bicarbonate to neutralize acids in the small intestine from the stomach

control insulin and regulating blood sugar levels

74
Q

what systems include the pancreas

A

digestive and endocrine

75
Q
  1. What are the main functions of the urinary system?
A

remove waste from blood and regulate body fluid levels

76
Q

How do the integumentary systems excrete waste material

A

removes sweat across a sweat gland in the skin

77
Q

How does the respiratory system excrete waste material

A

removes CO^2 across the alveoli in the lungs

78
Q

how does the urinary system excrete waste material

A

removes urine across a nephron in the kidneys

79
Q

What structures are a part of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

80
Q

what structures are a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

all body nerves including motor and sensory neurons.

81
Q
  1. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. What are some functions that it controls?
A

thoughts, feelings, and emotions

82
Q
  1. What is the main function of a neuron?
A

transfers messages throughout the body in the form of fast-moving electrical energy.

83
Q
  1. What body systems would be involved in pulling your hand away from a hot stove?
A

integumentary system (to come into contact with)
nervous system (to feel and send impulses)
muscular system (to move)

84
Q
  1. What are the main functions of the endocrine system?
A

ductless glands that regulate body-fluid balance, growth, and sexual development through the use of hormones.

85
Q
  1. The Fight-or-Flight Response is controlled by which body system?
A

endocrine system

86
Q

function of adrenal gland

A

Glands that help the body respond to stress and danger

87
Q

function of thyroid gland

A

increase the rate at which you use energy/metabolism

88
Q

function of parathyroid gland

A

regulates calcium in the blood

89
Q

Pancreas definiton

A

controls insulin and regulates blood sugar levels

90
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human game cell (sex cells)?

A

23

91
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

A

46

92
Q

study Sexual vs Asexual chart

A

yes

93
Q

why do animals reproduce

A

to make more of their own species

94
Q

What is the pathway of eggs through the female’s body?

A

ovaries-fallopian tube-uterus-vagina

95
Q
  1. Where does the primary source of energy for Earth processes come from?
A

sun

96
Q
  1. What 5 factors allow life to exist on Earth?
A

liquid water
good temperature range
atmosphere
nutrients
energy

97
Q

Which of the 5 main factors is the most important in finding life on other plants?

A

liquid water

98
Q
  1. Why is liquid water important for life to exist on a planet?
A

it transports vital substances inside the organism,

influences the world’s climate patterns (it takes so much energy to change the temperature of water even one degree)

, and helps the planet maintain a constant temperature.

99
Q
  1. What is ozone?
A

made of 3 oxygen atoms that block most ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface.

100
Q
  1. What is Homeostasis?
A

the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment

101
Q

What are the 9 characteristics of life?

A

Cells
Organization
Carbon-Based Biochemistry
Energy and Metabolism
Development and Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Response to Stimuli
Adaptation

102
Q

life requirements for temperature

A

between -15 degrees Celsius and 115 degrees Celsius

103
Q

life requirements for water

A

Access to liquid water on a regular basis

104
Q

life requirements for the atmosphere

A

Gasses to insulate the planet from UV radiation (like ozone) and provide chemicals for building cells (gravity holds an atmosphere to the planet)

105
Q

life requirements for energy

A

Organisms must need either light or chemical energy to run their life processes.

106
Q

life requirements for nutrients

A

Must have needed raw materials and a way to cycle the nutrients

107
Q

where are reactants and where are products

A

reactants on the left
products on the right

108
Q

vocab

A

yes

109
Q

mitosis and meiosis diagram

A

yes

110
Q

bone diagram

A

yes

111
Q

skin diagram

A

yes

112
Q

What is made of epithelial tissue

A

skin

113
Q

what is made of muscle tissue

A

muscles

114
Q

what is made of nervous tissue

A

nerves

115
Q

what is made of connective tissue

A

bones
blood
cartilage

116
Q

function of epidermis

A
  • protects underlying tissues from drying out
  • protects from infection
  • protects from sunburn,
  • keeps water in the body,

and keeps harmful chemicals out of the body.

117
Q

functions of oil glands

A

produce oil that keeps hair from drying out

helps waterproof the epidermis

118
Q

the function of sweat glands

A

sweat to cool the body

sweat removes waste materials from the body

119
Q

additional functions of the skeletal system

A

protection,
storage,
Aide in movement
blood cell formation

120
Q

How do muscles work in pairs to move the body (explain both flexors & extensors)?

A

Your muscles work in pairs to create smooth muscle action. Flexors are muscles that will bend a part of your body when they contract (like biceps or hamstrings). Extensors are muscles that will straighten a part of your body when they contract (like triceps and quadriceps). You bend towards a flexor

121
Q

does the digestive system make energy

A

( It doesn’t make energy… it breaks down nutrients) (your cell makes energy when they do cellular respiration)

122
Q

what movements does the cerebrum control

A

voluntary movements

123
Q

what does Ozone help with

A

decreases health issues that could be caused by the sun

Science (17 decks)

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