CLR review + Digestive and Urinary Flashcards
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A collection of organs whose primary function is to transport fluids around the body inside of vessels
circulatory system
what are the 2 circulatory systems in the human body?
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
is the cardiovascular system an open or closed system?
closed
why is the cardiovascular system a closed system?
it transports blood around the body inside blood vessels
is the lymphatic system an open or closed system?
open
definition of cardiovascular system
A collection of organs whose primary function is to transport blood around your body to deliver nutrients to and take waste products away from each of your body’s cells.
additional functions of cardiovascular system (4)
-transports gasses (o^2 to cells and CO^2 away from cells) nitrates, glucose, hormones and other nutrients and waste products
-contain white blood cells to help fight infection
-stabilize the body’s pH levels
-help the body maintain its constant internal temp.
A connective tissue made up of two types of cells (RBCs & WBCs), cell parts (Platelets), and plasma (fluid part of blood).
blood
The fluid part of blood that is a mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins and other substances. (RBCs, WBCs & Platelets float in the plasma)
plasma
Blood cells that transport oxygen to each of your body cells.
red blood cells
Blood cells that help you stay healthy by destroying pathogens (things that cause disease) and helping clean wounds.
White blood cells
a cell fragment that helps clot the blood
platelets
blood flows away from the heart
Arteries
blood flows towards the heart
veins
capillaries
arteries connect to veins. This is where nutrient transfer occurs
the upper chamber of the heart
Atrium
the lower chamber of the heart
Ventricle
label heart
yes
Flaplike structures that are located between the atria and ventricles to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
valve
what two parts are valves found in
heart and large veins
where is blood made
bones
Systemic circulation
The circulation of blood between the heart and the body. (It starts off oxygen rich and delivers oxygen & other nutrients (glucose, & hormones) and picks up carbon dioxide & other wastes
from all the body cells. It returns to the heart oxygen poor.)
pulmonary circulation
The circulation of blood between your heart and lungs. (It starts off oxygen poor and goes to the lungs to pick up oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide. It returns to the heart oxygen rich.)
Coronary circulation
The circulation of blood to the heart. (keeps the heart alive)
main function of lymphatic system
A collection of organs whose primary functions are to collect extracellular fluid from tissue and return it to the blood AND fight infections
additional functions of the Lymphatic system (2)
-transport fatty acids
-transport immune cells to fight disease
how is lymph pushed through lymph vessels
contraction of skeletal muscles (movement)
Lymph Nodes
Small, bean-shaped organs that remove pathogens and dead cells from lymph.
lymph vessels
Thin-walled vessels that carry lymph back to lymph nodes.
Bone Marrow in Lymph system
Soft tissue inside of bones where blood cells are made (WBC’s).
Tonsils
Organs at the back of the throat that help defend the body against infection.
Thymus
An organ in the chest where WBC’s made from bone marrow finish developing.
Spleen
An organ that stores WBC’s and also allows them to mature and can release WBC’s to the bloodstream.
main function of respiratory system
A collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel
carbon dioxide.
Additional functions of the Respiratory System
(3)
- Gas exchange – absorbs O2 from the air and expels CO2 from the body.
- Secretes molecules to aid in lung defense.
- Allows you to talk.
Nose / Mouth in respiratory system
The passageways through which air enters and leaves the body.
Pharynx
The upper portion of the throat – the very back cavity of the mouth that opens into the larynx (respiratory system) or esophagus (digestive system).
Larynx
A cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea that contains the vocal cords (voice box).
Trachea
The passageway for air traveling from the larynx to the lungs (windpipe).
Bronchi
The two air tubes the trachea splits into within the lungs that connect to the bronchioles.
Bronchioles
the smaller tubes the bronchi split into that lead to the alveoli.
Thousands of tiny sacs at the ends of the bronchioles in the lungs
that contain air.
Alveoli
A pair of organs situated in the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed.
Lungs
The muscle at the bottom of the lungs that contracts and moves down to draw air into the lungs and relaxes and moves up to help push air out of the lungs.
Diaphragm
know order of airflow for the respiratory system
Yes
Respiration
The exchange of gasses between living cells and their environment; includes breathing and cellular respiration.
the process by which some organisms take in air and absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Breathing
The process by which some organisms use glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (Cell Energy) in the mitochondria of cells. Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) have more mitochondria than all other tissue types because they constantly need to make ATP (energy) to keep moving.
Cellular Respiration
why is breathing not the same as respiration
it is only part of it
when you inhale 4 things happen
- diaphragm is contracted
-diaphragm flattens (moves down)
-rib cage expands
-oxygen goes in
when you exhale 4 things happens
-diaphragm is relaxed
- diaphragm moves up
-rib cage returns to resting position
-carbon dioxide goes out
why does the cardiovascular system need the respiratory system
The respiratory system helps the cardiovascular system by supplying the blood with oxygen and
removing the carbon dioxide waste product from the blood.
why does the respiratory system need the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system helps the respiratory system by supplying organs (like the lungs) with oxygen and glucose and taking away the carbon dioxide and other waste products.
why is cardiovascular system closed
blood is always contained inside of blood vessels.
why is lymphatic system open
lymph can move in and out of lymph vessels
how many pumps do mammals have
(heart)
2
how many chambers do mammals have (heart)
4
Internal Stimulus
something inside body that causes you to relax
2 examples of internal stimulus
2 examples of external stimulus
external stimulus
something on outside of an animals body that causes it to react
how is the separation of a mammals heart?
total
Label Lymphatic diagram
yes
label respiratory diagram
yes
main function of digestive system
To break down food and turn it into small enough nutrients that they can be
absorbed into the bloodstream.
Additional functions of the digestive system. (2)
Breakdown food into small nutrients the body can use.
The digestive system performs both mechanical and chemical digestion
About how long is the digestive tract in humans from mouth to anus
9 meters
Site of first mechanical (teeth) and chemical digestion (saliva). Your tongue keeps your food in place while you chew.
mouth
Pharynx
The back of the throat where food, water, and air all pass.
esophagus
A long, straight tube that connects the throat to the stomach.
A muscular, baglike organ attached to the lower end of the esophagus and the small intestines.
stomach
function of stomach
The stomach does both mechanical (mixing) and chemical digestion (enzymes). Stomach acids can kill bacteria.
small intestine definition
A tube that does most of the chemical digestion of food and most of the nutrient absorption.
from what other organs does the small intestine receive stuff from
stomach, gall bladder, and pancreas.
villi definition
fingerlike projections that are covered with tiny nutrient-absorbing cells that pass nutrients on to the bloodstream.
Large Intestine
A short, but large in diameter tube that stores, compacts, and then eliminates indigestible material from the body. (water and vitamin absorption occurs here)
Rectum
Last section of the large intestine. (stores feces until they are expelled)
Anus
An opening that feces pass through to the outside of the body.
what are the 4 accessory organs
Pancreas
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gall Bladder
def. of Salivary Glands
Glands that produce a liquid that contains an enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates and is watery to make food easier to swallow.
An organ located between the stomach and small intestine that makes pancreatic enzymes to help chemically break down food and produces a bicarbonate to neutralize the acids in the small intestine from the stomach.
Pancreas
Liver
A large reddish brown organ next to the stomach that stores nutrients and helps with digestion by producing bile that helps chemical digest lipids (fats). Bile made by the liver is stored in the gall bladder.
def. of Gall Bladder
A small, green baglike organ that temporarily stores the bile made by the liver and releases it into the small intestine.
order of digestive tract
Mouth-Pharynx- Esophagus-Stomach-Small intestine-Large intestine-Rectum-Anus
Mechanical digestion causes_________ change
physical
Chemical digestion causes___________ change
chemical
what locations does Mechanical Digestion occur in the body (2)
Mouth/Stomach
what locations does Chemical Digestion occur in the body (3)
Mouth/Stomach/Small intestine
excretory system
A collection of organs whose primary function is to remove wastes from the body across a membrane.
why is the urinary system an excretory system?
because it removes urine across a nephron in the kidneys
why is the respiratory system an excretory system?
because it removes Carbon Dioxide across the alveoli in the lungs
why is the integumentary system an excretory system?
because it removes sweat across a sweat gland in the skin.
Main function of Urinary system
remove waste from the blood and regulate body fluid levels.
additional functions of urinary system (4)
-Concentrate urine (remove water for the body to keep).
-Control salt levels (also known as your electrolyte levels).
-Helps maintain the body’s pH levels.
Responsible for maintaining the volume and composition of most body fluids.
Kidney definiton
A pair of bean-shaped organs that constantly clean the blood.
Ureter definition
A slender tube in which urine leaves the kidneys.
Urinary Bladder definition
A baglike organ that stores urine until it can be eliminated.
Urethra definition
A tube in which urine leaves the body.
label urinary system diagram
yes
path of urinary tract
Kidney——Ureter——–Urinary Bladder——Urethra-
STAAAAAAAAAARRRRRRR
what is the order in which blood is cleaned and urine is formed??? (5 steps)
1.Large arteries bring blood into each kidney.
- Water and other small substances are forced out of the blood vessels and into the nephrons.
- The cleaned blood, with slightly less water and less waste material, leaves each kidney in a large vein to recirculate in the body.
- The urine that remains in the nephrons leave each kidney through a tube called the ureter and flows into the bladder where it is stored.
- Urine leaves the body through a tube called the urethra.
Why does the cardiovascular system need the digestive system?
by supplying the blood with glucose/nutrients
why does the cardiovascular system need the urinary system?
urinary system cleans the blood of nitrogen wastes (urea in your urine) for the cardiovascular system.
why does the digestive system need the cardiovascular system?
by delivering nutrients to and removing waste products from all of its organs (stomach, liver, both intestines)
what digestion things do all organisms do? (4)
- take in food
- Mechanically and Chemically digest food
- absorb nutrient
4.Eliminate waste products
The muscular system helps the urinary how?
by holding in and releasing urine from the urinary bladder
The muscular system helps the digestive how?
by helping push food through the digestive tract by peristalsis with smooth muscle
why does the cardiovascular system need the respiratory system?
by supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
