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Kin 322 > Sensory Components Of Motor Control Part 2 > Flashcards

Sensory Components Of Motor Control Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibular system

A

Sensory system responsible for providing brain with info about motion, head position and spatial orientation involved with motor functions

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2
Q

What does the vestibular allow us to do

A

Keep balance
Stabilize head and body during movement
Maintain posture

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3
Q

3 parts of vestibular structure

A

Otoliths (utriculus and sacculus)
3 semi-circular canals

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4
Q

Otoliths

A

Stones or crystals that detect linear acceleration, head tilt and gravity

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5
Q

2 type of otoliths

A
  1. Utriculus (anterior-posterior motion)
    - speed up slow down in car
  2. Sacculus (vertical movement)
    - elevator
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6
Q

3 semicircular canals

A

Detect angular (rotational) acceleration
- anterior, posterior, horizontal/lateral

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7
Q

What do otoliths sit on

A

Hair bundles

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8
Q

Neural connections of vestibular system

A

Afferent via 8th cranial nerve to vestibular nuclei in medulla
Efferent sets gain of vestibular system

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9
Q

Gain

A

Change in the eye angle divided by the change in head angle during the head turn

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10
Q

What does gain modulation allow

A

CNS to pay more or less attention to vestibular system
- depends on task

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11
Q

The vestibular neural connections are what compared to visual ones

A

Faster

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12
Q

4 functions of vestibular system

A
  1. Control eye (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
  2. Controls head on trunk position (head +body controlled differently)
  3. Maintains upright posture
  4. Support Lower limb extensions during locomotion
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13
Q

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

A

Stabilizes image on retina when head moves

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14
Q

What does vestibular system do during VOR

A

Sends info about how fast the head is moving

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15
Q

What does occulomotor systems so during VOR

A

Uses info from vestibular to move eyes so the image is stable

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16
Q

3 symptoms of vestibular system dysfunction

A

Vertigo
Nystagmus
Postural imbalance

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17
Q

Vertigo

A

Sensation of you or the environment moving even though you are stationary
- BPPV

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18
Q

BPPV

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

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19
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary eye movement (beating)

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20
Q

Postural imbalance

A

Dizziness, falls, leaning

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21
Q

What 2 dysfunctions often go hand in hand

A

Vertigo and nystagmus

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22
Q

What is the preferred way to get sensory info

A

Vision

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23
Q

Why did people adjust posture not to fall in room where wall moved but floors didn’t

A

Rely more on visual then mechanoreceptors we have for proprioception

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24
Q

Evidence of relying more on vision

A
  • beginnner typists look at their fingers
  • beginner dancers look at their feet
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25
Q

Parts of human eye

A

Optic nerve, iris, cornea, pupil, lens, retina, macula, fovea

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26
Q

Neural components of the eye and vision

A

Retina, fovea centralis, optic disc, rods, cones, optic nerve (cranial nerve II)

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27
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive nerves at back of eye
Receives images - sends to optic nerve - to brain

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28
Q

Fovea centralis

A
  • central vision, most objects seen here
  • provide brain with info about what is being seen and how to use it to complete motor skill
29
Q

Optic disc

A
  • round spot on retina- passage of axons of retinal ganglion cells
  • transfer signals from photoreceptors to optic nerve
30
Q

Rods

A

Detect low light level

31
Q

Cones

A

Detect high light level, colours

32
Q

Optic nerve (cranial nerve II)

A
  • from retina to brains visual cortex
  • transmission of sensory info to brain
33
Q

When light changes why does blindness occur

A

Switching from rods to cones or opposite

34
Q

How is the image refracted on the retina

A

Upside down and rotated backwards

35
Q

What does size of image on retina depend on

A

Distance from the eye

36
Q

3 techniques for investigating the role of vision in motor control

A
  1. Eye movement recording
  2. Temporal occlusion techniques
  3. Event occlusion technique
37
Q

Eye movement recording

A
  • tracks foveal visions ‘point of gaze’
  • new vs experienced learner
    Ex) what person is looking at
38
Q

Temporal occlusion techniques

A
  • stop video or film at various times then ask what they are focused on
  • spectacles with liquid crystal lenses
39
Q

Event occlusion technique

A

Mask view on video or film of specific events or characteristics and ask what focused on

40
Q

Monocular vision

A

One eye

41
Q

What is binocular vision important for

A

Depth-perception when 3 dimensional features are involved in situation

42
Q

Ex of when binocular vision important

A

Reaching- grasping objects
Walking on cluttered pathway
Intercepting a moving object

43
Q

What is often underestimated without binocular vision

A

Distances and size of objects

44
Q

Synonym for central vision

A

Foveal vision

45
Q

What is central vision

A

Directly in front
Middle 2-5 degrees of visual field

46
Q

What does central vision provide

A

Specific info to allow us to achieve goals
- size, shape, texture

47
Q

Examples of specific goals central vision allows

A
  1. Reaching/grasping object - specific characteristics like size and shape and required to prepare, move and grasp
  2. Walking on pathway - specific info to stay on pathway is needed
48
Q

What is peripheral vision detect

A

Info beyond central vision limits (upper limit of ~200 degrees)

49
Q

What does peripheral vision provide

A

Info about environmental context and moving limbs

50
Q

When we go through environment, how does peripheral vision detect info

A

Assessing optical flow patterns

51
Q

Optical flow

A

Rays of light that strike the retina

52
Q

Vision for perception

A

Central vision

53
Q

What is central vision anatomically referred to

A

Ventral stream from visual cortex to temporal lobe

54
Q

What is central vision for

A

Fine analysis of a scene (form, features, colour, texture)
Typically available to consciousness

55
Q

Vision for action

A

Peripheral vision

56
Q

What is peripheral vision anatomically referred to as

A

Dorsal stream from visual cortex to posterior parietal lobe

57
Q

What is peripheral vision for

A

Detecting spatial characteristic of a scene and guiding movement
Typically not available to consciousness (ex. Sport, driving a car)
Can still get info (subconscious)

58
Q

What is perception referred to as

A

“Coupling” of vision and movement

59
Q

Example of perception in research

A

Results showed that spatial and temporal characteristics of limb movements occurred together with specific spatial and temporal characteristics of eye movements (eye before movement)

60
Q

Examples of when eyes move before limb movements

A

Catching a ball
Picking up pen
Putting key in keyhole

61
Q

needed for movement corrections

A

Vision as feedback
Vision’s feedback role during movement

62
Q

What is the amount of time needed for movement corrections

A

Do not know amount of time to detect an error and make correction

63
Q

If speed is too fast or distance too short to allow any movement modification, what does success at catching the ball depend on

A

Initial hand position

64
Q

If person climbing stairs too fast to allow for foot position adjustments while foot on flight, what increases

A

Risk of falling

65
Q

What are the 5 roles of vision in motor control

A
  1. Monocular vs binocular vision
  2. Central and peripheral vision
  3. Perception
  4. Amount of time needed for movement corrections
  5. Time to contact
66
Q

What situations does time to contact (optical variable) concern

A
  • object moving to person must be intercepted (catch or hit ball)
  • person moving toward object needs to contact or avoid contact with object
67
Q

What provides info about time-to-contact

A

Vision, which the motor control system uses to initiate movement

68
Q

How does vision initiate movement

A

Automatic: specification based on changing size of object on retina
- at critical size, requisite movement initiated (ex. Moving out of way of something coming at you)

69
Q

What is the motor control benefit to vision

A

Automatic movement initiation

Kin 322 (21 decks)

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