Motor Skill Classification Flashcards
What are the three one-dimension classifications of motor skill
- Size of musculature
- Distinctiveness of movement
- Stability of the environment
what does the size of musculature affect
Precision of movement
What are 2 types of motor skills affected by size of musculature
Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
What are gross motor skills
Involve large muscles and precision of movement is not as important
Smooth coordination of muscles is essential
Ex) Olympic lift
What are fine motor skills
Require control of small muscles to achieve a goal
Usually involve a high degree of precision of movement and hand-eye coordination
Ex) writing, stitching, art, instruments
What is the distinctness of movements
Defining beginning and endpoints of movement
What are three classifications of distinctiveness of movements
Discrete motor skills
Serial motor skills
Continuous motor skills
Discrete motor skills
Clearly defined beginning and endpoints
Ex) flipping light switch, throwing dart, downward dog
Serial motor skills
A series of discrete motor skills performed in specific order
- individual skills in order
- sequence, routine
Ex) yoga, dance, synchronized swimming, figure skating
Continuous motor skills
No obvious beginning and end points
- repeat same movement
Ex) swimming, skating, running, XC skiing
What are 2 classifications of stability of environment
Closed motor skills
Open motor skills
Closed motor skills
- performer in a stable and predictable environment
- self paced task
- object waits to be acted on by performer
Ex) darts, volleyball serve, diving, free throw, swimming in pool
Open motor skills
- performer in an ever-changing, unpredictable environment
- an externally paced task
- performer needs to react to environment to be successful
Ex) vball pass comes over net, archery hitting moving target, wrestling, open water
What are the 3 systems of motor skill classification on
Continuums
Open <-> closed
Fine <ā>gross
Closed to open baseball swing
Open to closed
T-ball, pitching machine, batting practice, live pitching in a game
Fine to gross example
Typing, dart throwing, ball throwing, Kipling pull up
Performance
- observable behaviour
- execution of a skill at specific time and specific situation (can be luck)
Learning
- a change in capability to perform a skill (that)
- must be inferred (from)
- a relatively permanent improvement in performance (as)
- a result of practice or experience
Characteristics of performance
- observable behaviour
- temporary
- may not be due to practice
- may be influenced by performance variables (environmental conditions, alertness, anxiety, fatigue)
Characteristics of learning
- inferred from performance
- relatively permanent changes in the capabiity to perform a skill
- due to practice
- not influenced by performance variables
What is a performance variable
Anything that may influence performance at any given time
- alertness
- anxiety
- fatigue
- uniqueness of the setting
What are the 6 general performance characteristics of skill learning
- Improvement
- Consistency
- Stability
- Persistence
- Adaptability
- Reduced attention demands
Improvement
- performance of a skill generally improves over time
- get closer to goal/target/criterion
- higher level of skill later vs earlier
- practice usually positively affects performance (practicing incorrectly can lead to decreased performance and/or after practice)
Consistency
- less variability in performance
- from one attempt to another, performance characteristics become more similar
- starts off as being variable, with time it becomes more consistent (can become consistent without improvement. Easy to fix if consistently wrong)
Stability
- influence of perturbations (unexpected/often sudden happenings) on the skill
- internal(stress) or external(environment) conditions can disrupt performance
- as learning happens, increased ability to perform skill despite perturbations
Persistence
- improved performance lasts over increasing lengths of time
- ex) between practices
- shows permanence of performance improvement
Adaptability
- performer is able to adapt performance to different personal, task and environmental situations
- also referred to as generalizability
- performance context is never the same
- as learning increases, ability to perform tasks in different contexts
What 3 things is adaptability specific to
Personal factors, skill/tasks, environment
Reduced attention demand
- as learner progresses the amount of attention needed to perform the skill decreases
- can perform another skill simultaneously
Ex) texting and driving
What is difference between stability and adaptability
Stability - unexpected
Adaptability - can prepare for
