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Kin 322 > Motor Control Theories > Flashcards

Motor Control Theories Flashcards

1
Q

How do motor control theories differ

A

how we control coordinated movement differ in terms of roles of central and environmental features of a control system

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2
Q

Theory

A

Provides large class of observations
- provides why for basis of everything we do

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3
Q

What do theories enable the practitioner to do

A
  • evaluate effectiveness of intervention strategies
  • create new intervention strategies
  • identify performance problems
  • develop approach to help person increase skill performance
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4
Q

Motor control theory

A

Describes and explains how the nervous system produces coordinated movement of motor skills in a variety of environments

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5
Q

Two important terms of motor control theory

A
  1. Coordination
  2. Degrees of freedom
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6
Q

Coordination

A

Patterning of body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

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7
Q

Two parts to consider in coordination

A
  • movement pattern of a skill in relationship at the specific point in time
  • context of the environment of the head, body and/or limb movements so actions can be accomplished
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8
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

Number of independent elements in a system and the ways each element can act

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9
Q

Degrees of freedom problem

A

How to control the degrees of freedom to make a complex system act in a specific way
- getting muscles, bones, joints to move coordinated and achieve goal
- ie. control helicopter’s flight

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10
Q

Degree of freedom problem for the control of movement

A

How does NS control the many degrees of freedom of muscles, limbs, and joints to enable a person to perform an action as intended (=experience)

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11
Q

Two theories of motor control

A
  1. Motor program based theory
  2. Dynamic pattern theory
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12
Q

Motor program based theory

A

Memory based mechanism that controls coordinated movement

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13
Q

Dynamic pattern theory

A

Emphasizes the role of info in the environment and mechanical properties of the body and limbs

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14
Q

2 general types of control systems

A

Open and closed loop control systems

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15
Q

What is incorporated in all theories of motor control

A

Open and closed loop control systems

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16
Q

What are control systems

A

Models of basic descriptions to show different ways the CNS and PNS initiate and control action

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17
Q

What is order of open loop control system

A

Movement control center (CNS) - instructions - movement effectors (muscles)

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18
Q

What is not needed in an open loop to continue skill

A

Feedback

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19
Q

Order for closed loop control system

A

Movement control center (CNS) - instructions - movement effectors (muscles) -feedback - back to movement control center

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20
Q

When we first learn or relearn a motor skilll what system do all performers operate in

A

Closed loop

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21
Q

As we become better at motor skill what system do we switch to

A

Open loop control

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22
Q

What is open loop system

A
  1. Does not use feedback
  2. Control center provides all info for the effectors to carry out movement
    (Does not use feedback to continue or terminate movement)
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23
Q

Closed loop system

A
  1. Uses feedback
  2. Control center issues info to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement
    (Relies on feedback to continue and terminate)
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24
Q

What are instructions influenced by in dynamic patter theory

A

By environment and interactions of the body, limb and nervous system

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25
Q

What are instructions specified by for motor program based theory

A

CNS

26
Q

What is the control process managed by in motor program based theory

A

Motor programs

27
Q

What do motor programs do in motor program based theory

A

Organizes, initiates, and carries out intended actions

28
Q

What type of theory is the motor program based theory

A

Hierarchical orientation theory (top down)

29
Q

What does motor program based theory solve

A

The degrees of freedom problem through the motor program

30
Q

What is generalized motor program (GMP)

A

Hypothesized memory based mechanism responsible for adaptive and flexibility of coordinated movement behaviour

31
Q

What is it proposed that each GMP controls

A

A class of actions that have common invariant characteristics

32
Q

What are examples of class of actions

A

Sending (throwing, striking) vs receiving (using hands, feet, stick)

33
Q

GMP function

A

Basis for generating movement instruction prior to and during the performance of an action

34
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of GMPS

A

Invariant features (unchanging)
Parameters (flexible)

35
Q

Invariant features

A

Characteristics that do not change across performances of a skill within a class of actions
Ex) backhand in tennis is always shoulder internally then externally rotated

36
Q

Parameters

A

Movement features added to the invariant feature to enable performance of a skill in specific situations
Can vary from one performance to another

37
Q

Parameters that can change

A

Time can increase or decrease (overall time)
Size of movement s can increase or decrease (overall force)
Specifications of muscles and limbs used (how you use them)

38
Q

Examples of invariant features

A

Relative time or sequence of the components of a skill
Spatial components

39
Q

Examples of parameters

A

Overal duration, force generated
Muscles used to perform the skill

40
Q

What are 3 invariant features of handwriting

A
  1. Relative timing
  2. Relative force used
  3. Sequence
41
Q

4 phases of gait cycle

A

Flexion phase (toe off to start of knee extension)
Extension phase 1 (start of knee extension to heel strike)
Extension phase 2 (heel strike to max knee flexion
Extension phase 3 (max knee flexion to toe off)

42
Q

What is an invariant feature of walking and running gait

A

Relative timing

43
Q

What are walking and running

A

Two different motor programs
- relative time in each phase is different between them
- difference in percentage of step cycle for 4 phases between them

44
Q

Walking and running are controlled by different

A

Generalized motor programs

45
Q

What is the running and walking study an example of

A

The motor program based theory

46
Q

Schema

A

Rule or set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision

47
Q

Motor response schema

A

Explains how movements can be adapted to new situation or environments (remodeling schema)

48
Q

When performing a skill what 4 pieces of info do you subconsciously subtract

A
  1. Initial conditions (start of movement)
  2. Response specifications (parameter used in execution)
  3. Sensory consequences of movement
  4. Response outcome (end result)
49
Q

What happens to the subconscious 4 pieces of info and what used for

A

Stored in memory following a movement attempt
Schema begins to develop
With each movement attempt schema becomes stronger

50
Q

2 relationships between motor response and schema

A

Recall schema
Recognition schema

51
Q

Recall schema

A

Responsible for organizing the motor program capable of initiating and controlling the movement

52
Q

Recognition schema

A

Responsible for evaluating the last executed movement attempt based on the initial conditions, past actual outcomes and sensory info

53
Q

What happens to schema with every attempt

A

Recall schema updates the instruction to muscles based on recognition schema which leads to more accurate response

54
Q

How does a learner decide what movement to execute in a given situation

A

By subconsciously retrieving the GMP from memory based on existing schema and parameters

55
Q

How is the desired movement organized

A

In advance by the motor program (need to establish properly)

56
Q

If motor program contains all info needed to carry out the action how does movement operate

A

Under open loop
- doesnt need to revise, motor program complete

57
Q

If continually registering and evaluating accuracy of movement how is movement controlled

A

Through closed loop
- still updating what doing

58
Q

In coordination the invariant features of GMP control

A

Patterns of movement

59
Q

In coordination, parameter of GMP control

A

Movement in context (allow for adaptation)

60
Q

In degrees of freedom what are motor response schema used for

A

To release GMPS at appropriate time
- modifies parameters

61
Q

What are 4 criticisms of motor program based theory

A
  • can brain store all necessary GMPs
  • how does controller continually make very quick decisions on correct GMP to release
  • are invariant feature never variant
  • how is sensory feedback used to adapt movements

Kin 322 (21 decks)

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