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Kin 322 > Measurement Of Motor Skills > Flashcards

Measurement Of Motor Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What is performance measurement essential for

A
  1. Performance assessment/evaluation
  2. Motor learning and control research
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2
Q

What are the two general categories of performance measurements

A
  1. Performance outcome measures
  2. Performance production measures
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3
Q

What are performance outcome measures

A
  • category of motor skill performance that indicates the outcome or result of performing a motor skill
  • e.g. how far someone threw a ball
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4
Q

What do performance outcome measures not inform us about

A
  • behaviour of the limbs of the body that led to outcome
  • the activity of various muscles involved
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5
Q

What are performance production measures

A
  • measures of motor skill performance that indicate the performance of specific aspects of the motor control system during the performance
  • e.g. EMG, EEG, recordings
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6
Q

What are examples measures of measurement devices for performance outcome measures

A
  • time to complete a task
  • amount of error in performing criterion movement
  • number of successful attempts
  • time on/off balance
  • distance
  • trials or reps to complete
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7
Q

Examples of measures of measurement device for performance production measures

A
  • displacement
  • velocity
  • acceleration
  • joint angle
  • Joint torque
  • EMG
  • EEG
  • PET
  • fmri
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8
Q

What are error measures

A

Allow us to evaluate performance for skills that have spatial or temporal accuracy action goals
- show us how well we perform against a criterion/goal

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9
Q

Spatial accuracy

A

Where something is occurring
Ie) throwing darts, high jump

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10
Q

Temporal accuracy

A

When something is occurring or the timing of a skill
Ie) ones timer, musical instrument, volleyball spike

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11
Q

What are one-dimension accuracy goals that assess error in skills

A

Absolute error (size of error)
Constant error (direction of error)
Variable error (consistency/variability)

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12
Q

Absolute error (AE)

A
  • tells us magnitude of error
  • how accurate we are
  • average of the absolute values
    AE = goal - actual
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13
Q

Constant error (CE)

A
  • direction of error
  • provides an index of tendency for the performance error to be directionally biased
    = (performance - criterion)/ number of trials
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14
Q

Variable error (VE)

A
  • consistency of error
  • standard deviation of the constant error scores
  • how variable the trials are (how close together)
    = SD of CE scores
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15
Q

What are skills assessed by two dimension movement goals

A

Skills requiring accuracy in the vertical and horizontal directions
I.e) darts, archery, golf

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16
Q

What are 2 types of measuring two-dimensional accuracy

A

Radial error
Qualitative assessment of bias and consistency

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17
Q

Radial error

A
  • AE for two direction accuracy
  • similar to AE in one direction accuracy
  • calculate hypotenuse of right angle triangle formed by the intersection of x and y axis
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18
Q

Qualitative assessment of bias and consistency

A
  • general approach to assessing bias and consistency
  • look at group of locations
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19
Q

Consistency errors

A

Difficulty in learning the skill

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20
Q

Bias errors

A

Difficulty in adapting the skill

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21
Q

What do continuous skills require

A

Spatial accuracy over a period of time

22
Q

How do you assess error for continuous skills

A

Root mean squared error (RMSE)

23
Q

What is RMSE

A

Indicated amount of error between performance curve produced and the criterion performance curve for a specific amount of time during which performance is sampled
- AE for continuous task

24
Q

Kinematics

A

Description of motion without regards to force or mass

25
Q

What 3 things does kinematics include

A

Displacement, velocity, acceleration

26
Q

Displacement

A
  • spatial position of a limb or joint over a period of time
27
Q

Velocity

A

Rate of change in an object with respect to time (speed)
=displacement/time

28
Q

Acceleration

A

Change in velocity during movement
= velocity/time

29
Q

Kinetics

A

The study of the role of force as a cause of motion
- human movements involve both internal and external sources of force
- Newton’s laws of motion important

30
Q

Internal force of human movement

A

Muscles

31
Q

External force of human movement

A

Gravity, wind

32
Q

What are direct force measurements

A

Force plates, strain gauges, force trasnducers

33
Q

Indirect force measurements

A

Calculations to determine force

34
Q

Ways to measure muscle activity

A

Surface EMG, fine wire intramuscular EMG, EMG

35
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A
  • Measurement of electrical activity of muscle
  • insight into neural control of movement (onset, magnitude, duration)
36
Q

What are brain activity measures

A

EEG, PET, fMRI, MEG

37
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Detection of cortical activity via scalp electrodes
Active regions produce electrical activity

38
Q

What are limitations of EEG

A
  • only records surface activity
  • does not show which anatomical structures are active
39
Q

Brain computer interfaces

A
  • measure brain activity using EEG
  • Transform activity into motion (robots, wheelchairs, someone else’s arm)
40
Q

Positron emission topography (PET)

A

Detection of metabolic brain activity
- positrons interact with blood and look at glucose levels
- scans detect activity in various locations

41
Q

What are limitation of PET

A
  • subject must be stationary
  • injection of isotope
42
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI)

A

Brain activity detected by changes in blood oxygenation

43
Q

Limitation of fMRI

A

Subject must be stationary

44
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Measures magnetic fields created by neuronal activity
- high temporal resolution
- increased accuracy of activity location compared to EEG

45
Q

Limitations of MEG

A
  • Subject must be stationary
  • does not show anatomical structures that are acitve
46
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Magnetic pulse delivered to brain either excited or inhibits brain activity
- temporary movement caused artificially through stimulation

47
Q

Limitations of TMS

A
  • must estimate location of stimulus
  • may have discomfort at stimulation site
48
Q

What measures peripheral nerve activity

A

Microneurography

49
Q

Microneurography

A

Measures impulses in peripheral nerves
- used to understand function of various nerves

50
Q

Examples of peripheral nerve function

A
  • cutaneous responses from feet for balance
  • muscle spindle responses
51
Q

Limitations of microneurography

A
  • fine wire needle must be inserted
  • only small movements tested

Kin 322 (21 decks)

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