Feedback Flashcards
Two types of performance related feedback
Task-intrinsic feedback
Augmented feedback (extrinsic)
Task intrinsic feedback
Naturally occurring feedback-sensory-perceptual info that is natural part of performing skill
ex) see target, feel ball, hear swoosh, proprioception
Augmented feedback
Performance related info adding to or enhancing task intrinsic feedback
Ex) verbal, watching videos of oneself
Two forms of augmented feedback
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
Knowledge of results
Additional or enhanced info about the movement outcome or achievement of movement goal
Example of movement outcome
Shot was 5cm too long, knee was flexed 10 degrees too much
Example of achievement of movement goal
Shot missed, shot made
Knowledge of performance
Additional or enhanced info about the movement characteristics leading to the performance outcome
Ex) didn’t bring club back far enough
Examples of task intrinsic senses
Visual, auditory, proprioceptive, tactile
How does augmented feedback enhance motor learning
- Facilitates achievement of action goal
- Motivates learner to continue with learning
Augmented feedback is essential if:
- Skill performance does not produce critical sensory feedback
- Injury/disease has removed sensory info
- Performer cannot use critical task-intrinsic feedback appropriately (young people)
When is augmented feedback not essential
Performance provides sufficient task-intrinsic feedback (enough sensory info)
- sometimes augmented is redundant and does not enhance learning
Augmented feedback can impair motor learning when:
- Task intrinsic feedback is minimal or difficult to interpret
- Augmented feedback is erroneous/incorrect
- Concurrent augmented feedback
- Augmented feedback is provided too frequently
What happens when task intrinsic feedback is minimal or difficult to interpret and augmented is used
Learner ends up substituting augmented for task-intrinsic
What happens when augmented feedback is incorrrect
Learners (especially early) will use augmented whether correct or not
Two types of timing of augmented feedback
Terminal vs concurrent
Terminal feedback
Augmented feedback is provided after the movement/performance attempt
Concurrent augmented feedback
Provided during the movement/performance
- usually enhances task-intrinsic feedback
When can concurrent feedback have a negative effect
If the performer becomes dependent on that type
- performance could be impaired if removed
Which feedback is more beneficial for motor learning
Terminal
How do you know if concurrent feedback will impair motor learning?
Informativeness - if instrinsic not informative and if augmented highly informative then lead to dependency on augmented
If distracts attention from critical task intrinsic it will have negative effect
How do you know if concurrent feedback will enhance motor learning?
If it facilitates the learning of the critical task intrinsic feedback
- positive effect if it directs attention to critical task-intrinsic
- negative if distracts attention
Why is reduced frequency of augmented feedback sometimes better
Because of the guidance hypothesis
What is the guidance hypothesis
Feedback after every trial may lead to a different type of learning
Less frequent encourages different learning strategies like active problem solving and does not create a dependency
More errors more learning
4 techniques to reduce augmented feedback
- Performance based bandwidths
- Yoking
- Self selected frequency
- Summary and averaged augmented feedback
Performance bandwidth
A range of acceptable errors in which augmented feedback is not provided
- technique works best if performer know no KR means correct
- allows individual reduction of feedback frequency specific to the learner and their rate of learning
Yoking
Pairing participants to recieve the same frequency of feedback but for different reasons
Ex) Participant 1a receives feedback based on 10% error based performance bandwidth, 1b is yoked to 1a and receives feedback on same trials regardless of performance
Self selected frequency
- learner only receives feedback upon their request
- shown to enhance motor learning
- less then 100%
what is the enhanced learning from self selected frequency due to
Reduced frequency of feedback
- allows beginners to engage in problem solving
- motivation to keep practicing
Summary and averaged augmented feedback
- provide a list of info after certain number of trials
- useful is feedback cannot be given after every trial
- simples skills, longer summaries
- complex skills, shorter summaries
How does augmented feedback enhance motor learning
Improve rate of learning or level of performance beyond what is possible with only task-intrinsic
What are 2 types of verbal KP
Descriptive or prescriptive
Descriptive verbal KP
Describes the performance error
What is prescriptive verbal KP
Identifies error and provides corrective info
What is the best type of verbal KP
Depends on stage of learning
- beginners- prescriptive
- advanced- self correct using descriptive
What does the effectiveness of video KP depend on
On the skill level of the performer
Beginners- expert evaluator to highlight critical info
Advanced- may not need extra info but benefit from an experts feedback
What is more effective verbal or video KP
Video replay may be no more effective than verbal for components not easily seen
Kinematic KP
Provides feedback about some aspect of the movement that is otherwise difficult to perceive
What is the advantage of kinematic KP
Depends on skill being learned
- skills with clear task-intrinsic or well-known tasks may not benefit from extra info
Biofeedback KP
Augmented form of task-intrinsic feedback related to the activity
- potential for dependence exists but overall effective in enhancing motor learning
What should feedback consist of
Feedback about what was wrong is more helpful than what was right
- must balance because may not enhance motivation
