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Kin 322 > Sensory Component Of Motor Control > Flashcards

Sensory Component Of Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nocioreceptors

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2
Q

What is the neural basis of touch

A

Skin receptors

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3
Q

Skin receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors located in the dermis layer of skin
- provide CNS with temp, pain, and movement info

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4
Q

Where are the greatest concentration of skin receptors

A

Finger tips

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5
Q

How was impact of touch during movement tested

A

Comparing performance of task before and after anesthitizing

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6
Q

What is impact of touch during movement

A
  1. Improves movement accuracy
  2. Improves movement consistency
  3. Enables force adjustments during movement
  4. Improves distance estimation during pointing
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7
Q

Haptic input

A

Combination of cutaneous and proprioceptive info

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8
Q

What can haptic input compensate for

A

Deficiencies in other sensory systems

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9
Q

Example of Haptic Touch and balance control

A

Light touch improves balance control in people with balance impairments

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10
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of limb, body, and head movement characteristics
- where body segments are in relation to the body

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11
Q

What does proprioception provide

A

Afferent sensory info regarding direction, location and velocity of movement

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12
Q

Where does CNS receive proprioception info

A

Afferent neural pathways that begin in specialized sensory neurons known as proprioceptors

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13
Q

Where are proprioceptors located

A

Muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints

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14
Q

3 types of proprioceptors

A
  1. Muscle spindles (detect stretch)
  2. Golgi tendon organs (detect tension/force)
  3. Joint receptors (detect compression)
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15
Q

Most important source of proprioceptive info

A

Muscle spindles

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16
Q

What info do muscle spindles provide about body

A

Position
Direction
Velocity
Sense of effort

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17
Q

What are muscle spindles

A

Sensory receptors and gamma intrafusal muscle fibers

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18
Q

How do muscle spindle sensory receptors work

A

Type 1a sensory nerves carry signals from muscle spindles
Detect changes in length and velocity of stretch
Mechanical deformation stimulates nerve impulse

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19
Q

What are nerve impulses of muscle spindles

A

Shortening = decrease frequency
Lengthening = increase frequency

20
Q

1a sensory nerves connect to/synapse with

A
  1. Alpha-motor neurons of agonist muscle
  2. Inhibitory interneurons of antagonist muscles
  3. Alpha-motor neurons of synergistic muscles
  4. Interneuron in brainstem and spinal cord
21
Q

What doses 1a connecting to alpha motor neurons of agonist cause

A

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

22
Q

What does 1a connecting with inhibitory interneurons of antagonist muscles cause

A

Prevents firing of antagonist muscles

23
Q

What does 1a connecting to alpha motor neurons of synergistic muscles cause

A
  • weak monosynaptic connections
  • help with intended movement
24
Q

What does 1a connecting to interneurons in brainstem and spinal cord cause

A

Continued ascent for higher level control

25
Q

How are muscle spindles kept at desired lengths

A

Intrafusal fibers lie in parallel with extrafusal fibers to keep spindle at desired lengths

26
Q

What controls intrafusal fibres of muscle spindles

A

Gamma motor neurons

27
Q

What 3 things do gamma motor neurons do to control intrafusal fibres of muscle spindles

A
  1. Set desired muscle spindle length
  2. Control and maintains sensitivity of 1a receptors
  3. Prevent spindle from becoming unloaded during concentric contractions
28
Q

What is creep

A

Muscles stretched for long period of time and muscle spindles stop working

29
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs located

A

In musculo-tendon junction (in skeletal muscle near insertion of tendon)

30
Q

What are GTOs

A

1b sensory nerves
Detect changes in muscle tension/force (causes relaxation)

31
Q

Where are joint receptors found

A

Joint capsule and ligaments

32
Q

3 types of joint receptors

A

Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Golgi-like receptors

33
Q

What do not all joint receptors have in common

A

Not same type and number of receptors

34
Q

What are joint receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in
- force and rotation applied to joint
- joint movement angle, especially at extreme limits of angular movement or joint positions

35
Q

2 techniques to investigate role of proprioception in motor control

A
  • deafferentation techniques
  • tendon vibration techniques
36
Q

Deafferentation techniques

A

Proprioceptive feedback removed

37
Q

Tendon vibration techniques

A
  • high speed vibration of the tendon of the agonist muscle
  • proprioceptive feedback is distorted
38
Q

What is deafferentation

A

Removal (temporary or permanent) of sensory info

39
Q

What does deafferentation provide

A

Info about what movements can be accomplished without afferent info

40
Q

3 types of deafferentation

A
  • surgical (afferent neural pathways surgically removed or altered)
  • due to sensory neuropathy (large myelinated fibres of limb are lost)
  • temporary (nerve block - inflate BP cuff to create temp disuse)
41
Q

Effects of surgical deafferentation

A
  • decreased movement precision during activities of daily living or newly learned movements (monkeys)
  • altered locomotor patterns (cats)
  • postural responses to surface rotations are altered following total knee replacement (humans)
42
Q

injury and proprioception

A
  • actions are too quick for feedback in proprioceptors to cause adjustment
  • wrong execution happens too quickly
43
Q

How can injury affect proprioception

A

Lost sensitivity in muscle spindles so can’t detect when its going to happen again

44
Q

Proprioception after injury

A
  • soft tissue injury results in disruption to afferent-efferent neuromuscular control arc
  • extremely important to train proprioception after injury to prevent re-injury
45
Q

Examples of proprioception training

A
  • BOSU
  • balance rocks
  • body bar
  • Pilates ball
  • foam
    -perturbations

Kin 322 (21 decks)

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