Sensory and perception (3C)

Question 1

Sound adaptation

Answer 1

• the muscles around our ears can contract so less of the sound wave enters the ear
• Our ears become less sensitive to continuous noises
• our brains filter out sounds that are not important

Question 2

Cocktail party effect

Answer 2

The brain picks up on relevant sounds, even in a noisy environment

Question 3

General Loudness

Answer 3

Louder sounds seem close

Question 4

Loudness in each ear

Answer 4

The ear closer to the sound hears a louder noise than the ear farther from the sound

Question 5

Timing

Answer 5

Sound waves will reach the ear closer to the source of the sound before they reach the ear farther away

Question 6

Development of hearing

Answer 6

Babies can hear before they are born
- ability to recognize and respond appropriate to sounds develops in the first few months after birth
- infants prefer speech (especially mom’s) to non-speach

Question 7

Deafness

Answer 7

Loss of hearing (partial or complete)
- can be genetic, caused by infection, physical trauma (headphone use), exposure to toxins, high doses of common medications such as aspirin

Question 8

Tinnitus

Answer 8

Ringing in the ear
- due to abnormalities in the ear
- one of every 200 people experiences tinnnitus

Question 9

Hearing loss - cochlear implant

Answer 9

Medical devices that are implanted in the ear and wired to the nerves that send sound information to the brain

Question 10

How does the eye work?

Answer 10

• Light enters the eye
• Muscles in the iris adjust pupil size to control the amoung of light allowed in
• Muscles also change the shape of the lens to bring the object into focus
• The lens focuses light on the retina

Question 11

Iris

Answer 11

Coloured part of the eye that adjusts the pupil size to control the amount of light allowed in

Question 12

Retina

Answer 12

Multi-layered sheet of nerv cells

Question 13

Photo receptors

Answer 13

Sensory receptor cells for vision called rods and cones, located in the retina. Which transduce the light waves into a neural impulse

Question 14

Rods

Answer 14

• used to detect light
• used for periphery and night vision
• not as acute as cones (fuzzy vision)
• Many more rods that cones (over 100 million)

Question 15

Cones

Answer 15

Used for central and colour vision
Very acute (very clear)
- the fovea - is the center of the retina where all the cones are found
- not as many cones (4.5 to 6 million)

Question 16

Hue

Answer 16

The experience of colour based on the wavelength of light; green, blue, red, and other colours

Question 17

Saturation

Answer 17

Purity of color; how bright or vivid it is

Question 18

Brightness

Answer 18

How much light is reflected from the object

Question 19

Trichromatic Theory

Answer 19

There are three different sensors for colour and each type responds to a different range of wavelengths of light
- we see more than three colours, which the variety of colours that arise form combine three colours

Question 20

Opponent process theory

Answer 20

Colour pairs work to inhibit one another in the perception of colour
- retinal ganglion cells are arranged in opposing cells; red-green, yellow-blue, black-white
- support for this theory - we cannot see mixes of certain colour; reddish green or bluish yellow

Question 21

Colour blindness

Answer 21

Most people who are colour blind cannot distinguish between red and green

Question 22

Visual fields

Answer 22

The optic nerve carried messages form each eye (visual field) to the visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Question 23

Visual pathway

Answer 23

Th optic nerve contain the axons of 1 million ganglion cells that exit the eye via the blind spot and project to the thalamus
- from the thalamus, neurons project to the visual cortex

Question 24

“What” pathway

Answer 24

Help us determine the identity of an object

Question 25

Visual agnoisia

Answer 25

Damage to the “what” pathway; cannot visually recognize objects

Question 26

Propopagnosia

Answer 26

A form of visual agnosia in which people cannot regonizes faces

Question 27

“Where” pathway

Answer 27

Locating objects in space

Question 28

Hemi-neglect

Answer 28

Damage to the “where pathway; people ignore on side of ther visual feild
- eat food only one side of the plate
- people with damage to the right side of their “where” pathways neglect the left side of their visual feild