History And Science (1c) Flashcards
What is discriptive research ?
They include case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys. They allow researchers to peruse the goal of description: to determine the existence (and sometimes strength) of a relationship between variables of interest
What are some advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptioin research - Case study
Case study is an intensive study of one person
A: helps develop early ideas about phenomena
D: Researcher bias. You can not generalize you results to all people
What are the advantages and disadvantages f Descriptive research: Naturalistic observation
Naturalistic observation is observing people behaving as they normally do
A: more reflective of actual human behaviour
D: Researcher bias. Hawthorne effect
Advantages and disadvantages to descriptive research - surveys
They ar the use of questionnaire or interview
A: gather information that they migh to be able to gather using other methods. May be able to measure realtionship strength between variables
D: Participant Bias. The direction of relationship between variables is unknown (which one is the result of which )
experimental research
Manipulation and control of variables. the purpose is to identify cause and effect (meets the explanation goal of psychology). Examines how one variable (IV) CAUSES another variable to change (DV)
Advantages and disadvantages of expiremental research
A: Can establish cause and effect. Can eliminate outside influences
D: Might not be generalizable. Sometimes unethical
Experimental group
The group that is exposed to the independent variable
Control group
The group that is not exposed to the independent variable; this group is used to compare how the IV changed the DV
Random assignment
The researcher should randomly assighned who goes in which group, which helps groups be balances in terms of any other factor that could influence the results
Double blind procedure
Neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is in which group
Statistics
Describe and measure realtionships between variables
Descriptive research
Correlations indicate if there is a relationship between variables
Expiremanetal research
Statistics indicate if the hypothesis has been supported or if there is a meaningful difference between the groups
Correlation coefficient
The strength and nature of the relationship ( -1.00 to +1.00)
Positive relationships
Is when both variables increase together
Negative relationships
When one variable increases, the other decreases
Descriptive statistics
Describe the data
Mean
Average of all this scores
Standard deviation
How much the participants’ scores vary from one another
Interferential statistics
Help to draw conclusion about the data
- using t-tests or ANOVAs, determine a P-VALUE (which is the probability that the results of you experiment are not due to chance)
- if the P -VALUE is lower that 0.05, there is only a 5 % likelihood that your results occurred by chance
Replication
Repeated testing of hypothesis to ensure results from one expirament are not due to chance
Code of ethics/research ethics board
Code of ethics is the where the Canadien psycologcial association clearly states that the participant should e protected and priotized in the study (human or animal).
research ethics boards are considers the ethics police they are a research oversight group that evaluates research to protect he participants in the study
Ethical guidelines - human research
- Obtain informed consent - obtaining permission form the participant after they know what the study involves and the risks and benefits of participating
- protect participants from harm and discomfort
- Protect confidentiality
- Participation must be voluntary
- Deception or incomplete disclosure
- Provide complete debriefing - revealing to participants any information that was withheld during the study
Ethical guidelines - animal research
- Animal are only used if the erases promises sighnficint benefit to humans or animals
- Animals are used if there is no other alternative
- Humane methods must be used
- Smallest number of animals possible must be used
- All pain and distress must be limited
