Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Of The Mind > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What does the iris do?!

A

Contract and relax to allow different amounts of light in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What does the lens do?!

A

Refract light onto the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the origin of blood vessels?!

A

The optic disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the macula involved in?!

A

Central vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two components of the retina?!

A

Nasal retina and the temporal retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the eye?!

A

Rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which out of the two photoreceptors is involved with colour vision?!

A

Cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the photoreceptors do?!

A

Convert light energy to neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which photoreceptor is more sensitive to light?!

A

Rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to light that isn’t absorbed by the photoreceptors?!

A

Absorbed by the black cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do bipolar cells do?!

A

Create the direct pathway from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the direct pathway in the eye?!

A

Photoreceptors - bipolar cells - retinal ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is involved with the indirect pathway in the eye?!

A

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the signal transduction pathway in photoreceptors in the dark?!

A

Constantly depolarised and therefore constantly releasing neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the signal transduction pathway for photoreceptors in the light?!

A

The photo pigment GPCR, is activated

This means GMP’s are made which reduces cGMP’s and therefore Na+ channels close = no neurotransmitter is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does light stimulate or inhibit the release of neurotransmitters?!

A

Inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary visual cortex arranged into?!

A

The cortical module

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the blobs in the cortical module do?!

A

Process colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does information go from the retinal ganglion?!

A

To the optic nerve followed by the optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main nucleus called that is involved with the retinofugal projection?!

A

Lateral geniculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are rod receptors mainly located?!

A

In the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the fovea contain a large number of?!

A

Cone photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are rods or comes convergent?!

A

Rods - small signals are pooled together to make a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do rods or cones produce a image with a single photon of light?!

A

Rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do rods or cones have higher spatial acuity?!

A

Cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In what form is sound?!

A

Pressure waves?!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What makes up the outer ear?!

A

Pinna
Concha
Auditory meatus

27
Q

What does the external ear do?!

A

Gathers sound energy and focuses it onto the tympanic membrane

28
Q

What does the middle ear do?!

A

Focuses the energy from the tympanic membrane onto the oval window

29
Q

What do the ossicles connect?!

A

The tympanic membrane and the oval window

30
Q

What increases the efficiency of sound transmission to the inner ear?!

A

Two small muscles called the tensor tympani and the stapedius
Flexion of these muscles stiffens the ossicles and reduces the amount of sound energy transmitted to the cochlea

31
Q

What does the cochlea do?!

A

Amplifies sound waves and converts them into neural signals

32
Q

What are the fluid filled chambers of the cochlea called?!

A

Scalar media
Scala tympani
Scala vestibule

33
Q

What does the motion of the travelling wave do?!

A

Displaces the hair on the basilar membrane

This bends the sterocilla causing the potassium ion channels to open and potassium moves in

34
Q

How does information from the cochlea reach the brainstem?!

A

Auditory nerve enters the brainstem and then branches to innervate the three divisions of the cochlea nucleus

35
Q

What happens when the sterocilla are disturbed?!

A

You get mechanoelectrical transduction

36
Q

Which nerve converts auditory information to the brain?!

A

Cranial nerve VIII

37
Q

Where are the ossicles located?!

A

The middle ear

38
Q

What are chemical stimuli called?!

A

Odourants

39
Q

How are the olfactory bulb and receptors connected?!

A

Via the olfactory nerve

40
Q

Which cortex is involved with smell?!

A

The pyriform cortex in the temporal lobe - relayed to the thalamus

41
Q

Where does transduction of olfactory information occur?!

A

In the olfactory epithelium

42
Q

Describe the olfactory receptor neurones.

A

Small diameter
Bipolar
Unmyelinated

43
Q

How can olfactory receptors get damaged?!

A

They have direct access to odourants including airborne pollutants etc.

44
Q

What do olfactory receptor neurones express?!

A

Olfactory specific G-protein

45
Q

What does the olfactory specific G protein activate?!

A

Agenylate cyclase which produced cAMP, this opens cyclic nucleotide-gated channels which allows sodium and calcium to enter, chloride channels also open causing depolarisation - action potential

46
Q

What do the axons that leave the epithelium form?!

A

Make up the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

47
Q

Where is the auditory complex located?!

A

Superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the brain

48
Q

What does the olfactory epithelium line?!

A

Nasal cavity below the cribform plate

49
Q

What are the three types of taste buds?!

A

Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae

50
Q

What are the circumvillate papillae?!

A

The largest taste buds, contain thousands of taste buds and are located at the posterior

51
Q

What are the foliate papillae?!

A

Elongated structure

Posterior lateral edge

52
Q

What are the fungiform papillae?!

A

Smallest
Widespread across the anterior
Tip of the tongue

53
Q

What are the basic tastes?!

A

Salty, sweet, bitter, sour and urmani

Located across all areas of the tongue

54
Q

Where do the first order neurones for taste project to?!

A

Medulla

55
Q

Where do 2nd order neurones for taste project to?!

A

Thalamus

56
Q

Where do third order neurones for taste project to?!

A

Gustatory cortex

57
Q

Where are taste buds found?!

A

Palate, pharynx and larynx

58
Q

What is urmani the taste of?!

A

Monosodium glutamate

59
Q

Where is the fovea located?!

A

Central region of the retina

60
Q

What is the endolymph rich in?!

A

Potassium ions (ions move from the endolymph into the cell)

61
Q

Where is the auditory complex located?!

A

The superior temporal gyrus

62
Q

What does the production of cAMP in the olfactory pathway do?!

A

Opens the cationic channels = move in
Opens chloride ions = move out
Causes depolarisation

63
Q

Where do olfactory signals go?!

A 
Orbitofrontal cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampal formation 
(All above are indirect) 
Amygdala
64
Q

What connects the olfactory bulb to its targets?!

A

Olfactory tract

65
Q

What connects the olfactory receptors to the olfactory bulb?!

A

Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

Biology Of The Mind (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions