General Flashcards
Where do the majority of retinal ganglion cell axons terminate?!
The lateral geniculate nucleus
Where does the processing for touch take place?!
Primary somatosensory cortex
Attention is limited. True or false?!
True
What is the orbitofrontal cortex involved in?!
Emotional decision making
What is the prefrontal cortex thought to be important for?!
Day dreaming
What develops slowly in the brain?!
The prefrontal cortex
What is the anterior cingulate cortex part of?!
The Limbic system
How is pre-synaptic facilitation carried out?!
Inhibits potassium currents in the post-synaptic axon = depolarised for longer
How is pre-synaptic inhibition carried out?!
Directly inhibiting the calcium channels in the post-synaptic axon terminal
How does summation occur?!
If an EPSP is evoked before the previous EPSP has fully decayed
Where does summation occur?!
At the axon hillock
What type of neurones innervate sensory receptors?!
Pseudo unipolar
What information does the dorsal column-medial lemnisus pathway carry?!
Proprioceptive and innocuous touch
Where does the dorsal column medial lemnisus pathway carry information from and to?!
From the periphery to the primary somatosensory cortex
Regarding the DCML pathway, where do the first order neurones ascend?!
Ascend ipsilaterally to the brainstem through the dorsal columns
Reaches the cuneate and grey cell nuclei within the brainstem
The 2nd order neurones, cross the midline ascend contralaterally through the medial lemniscus to the thalamus
Finally it goes to the primary somatosensory cortex
What type of information does the spinothalamic tract carry?!
Noxious and thermal information
Where do the primary afferents of the spinothalamic pathway terminate?!
In the dorsal horn
What way does the spinothalamic pathway ascend?!
Contralaterally
Where are light rays focused onto?!
The retina by the lens and cornea
Where are the photoreceptors embedded?!
The pigmented epithelial layer
What happens when light hits the opsins (photopigments)?!
Activation of the G protein that then decreases the production of cGMP and causes Na+ channels to close = hyper polarisation
Where is the olfactory information projected to?!
Multiple brain regions
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus contained?!
The hypothalamus
What does the suprachiasmatic uncle produce?!
Circadian rhythms
What is the hypothalamus important for?!
Temperature control
Blood pressure
Hunger and satiety
What are the two types of hypothalamus cells?!
Mangocellular secretory cells
Parvocellular secretory cells
Where do magnocellular secretory cells project?!
Into the posterior lobe of the pituitary, neurohormones are then released directly into the systemic circulation
What do the Magnocellular secretory cells release?!
ADH or vasopressin - stimulates renin release from the kidneys
What does renin cause?!
Stimulates angiotensin II which causes constriction of blood vessels to raise blood pressure
What do parvocellular secretory cells do?!
Release hormones to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones Eg ACTH ( acts on adrenal glands)
What are the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?!
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Enteric
What tissue makes up the bones and the muscles?!
Mesoderm
Muscles-Mesoderm
What is neurulation?!
Process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube
Some neurones have a long axon that stretches from one part of the CNS to another. What is this called?!
Golgi type I neurones
What tissue makes up the peripheral nervous system?!
Neural crest
What role foes the brainstem have?!
Contains nuclei for homeostatic control of bodily functions
Why are neuromuscular junctions reliable?!
Axon terminal is large
Pre-synaptic terminal has lots of active zones
Motor-end plate contains a series of shallow folds
How are toxins used as a research tool?!
Study the consequences of blocking action potentials
Deduce the 3D structure of the sodium channels
What tissue makes up the internal organs?!
Endoderm
When you take something internal up = Endocytosis
What do astrocytes do?!
Maintains extra cellular conditions
Regulation potassium ions
Take up extra cellular potassium ions
What is the internal capsule?!
Links the cortex with the brainstem
What divides the frontal and temporal lobe?!
Lateral sulcus
What is the tissue in the CNS derived from?!
Ectoderm
What is the cerebellum important for?!
Control of movements
What is the cerebrum important for?!
Higher levels of cognitive processing
How does the sodium channel selectively filter sodium ions and potassium ions?!
Uses water as a molecular chaperone to allow Na through
Potassium and water is too big
What are the role of the medulla oblongata?!
Controls heart rate and breathing
