Higher Congnitive Functions

Question 1

What controls attention to the visual world?!

Answer 1

Right partietal cortex

Question 2

Where do association cortices receive inputs from?!

Answer 2

Other cortical areas
From primary sensory/motor areas (via thalamic nuclei)
From other subcortical inputs

Question 3

What are the two other cortical areas?!

Answer 3

Ipsilateral cortico-cortical connections

Inter hemisphere cortico-cortical connections

Question 4

What are the three components of an emotional response?!

Answer 4

Autonomic
Behavioural
Hormonal

Question 6

What are the three thalamus nuclei?!

Answer 6

Pulvinar nucleus
Medial dorsal nucleus
Anterior and ventral anterior nucleus

Question 7

What causes Contralateral neglect syndrome?!

Answer 7

Lesion to the right parietal cortex

Question 9

What are the subcortical inputs?!

Answer 9

Dopaminergic neurones in the midbrain
Noradrenergic/serotonergic neurones in the reticular formation
Cholinergic neurones in the brainstem

Question 11

What causes balint syndrome?!

Answer 11

Lesion to the parietal cortex

Question 12

What areas of the brain are involved with emotional processing?!

Answer 12

Limbic system and the amygdala mainly
Orbitofrontal cortex
Cingulate gyrus/thalamus/ventral basal ganglia

Question 13

What are the visuospatial deficits in Balints syndrome?!

Answer 13

Simultanagnosia: inability to perceive visual scene as a whole
Optic apraxia: difficulty in voluntary scanning of visual scene
Optic ataxia: deficit in visually guided reading

Question 14

What does attention allow for?!

Answer 14

Covert shifting
Quicker response time to stimuli
Subject to external influences
Preferential processing of sensory information

Question 15

What is the amygdala involved in?!

Answer 15

Recognise fear and facial expressions

Not involved with recognition of personal faces etc.

Question 16

What two areas are involved with language?!

Answer 16

Wernickes areas: left temporal cortex, understanding spoken language
Brocas area: left frontal cortex, language production

Question 17

What is the disorder of language called?!

Answer 17

Aphasia

Question 18

What is brocas aphasia?!

Answer 18

‘Motor’ aphasia

Broken stuttered speech

Question 19

What is Wernickes aphasia?!

Answer 19

Damage to sensory or receptive areas

Rambling

Question 20

What is conduction aphasia?!

Answer 20

Difficulty repeating words

Lack of connectivity between Wernickes and brocas

Question 21

What does the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex do?!

Answer 21

Initiates and shifts behaviour
Inhibits behaviour
Stimulate behaviour

Question 22

What controls language?!

Answer 22

Left frontal and temporal cortexes

Question 23

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?!

Answer 23

Aspects of our personality

Question 24

What does the ventromedial prefrontal cortex do?!1

Answer 24

Inhibition of socially inappropriate behaviour

Sensitivity to the consequences of action

Question 25

Where are the upper motor neurones located?!

Answer 25

Layer V of the primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)

Question 26

What type of projections do upper motor neurones send?!

Answer 26

Glutaminergic

Question 27

How are the projections sent via from upper motor neurones to low motor neurones?!

Answer 27

Corticospinal tract and the cortico bulbar tract

Question 31

What areas are effected in ADHD?!

Answer 31

Smaller prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

Question 32

Where are association cortices found?!

Answer 32

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe

Question 33

What are the three types of attention disorders?!

Answer 33

ADHD
Contralateral neglect syndrome
Balints syndrome

Question 37

What is speech produced by?!

Answer 37

Lungs
Larynx
Pharynx
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity

Question 38

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is only in the left hemisphere.
True of false?!

Answer 38

False