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Biology Of The Mind > Motor Systems And Locomotion > Flashcards

Motor Systems And Locomotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Golgi tendon organ innervated by?!

A

Ib afferents

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2
Q

What is a motor unit?!

A

Motto neurones and the innervated muscle

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3
Q

What type of motoneurones go to the muscle?!

A

Alpha

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved with neuromuscular junctions?!

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What is the muscle spindle?!

A

Sensory apparatus of the muscle

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6
Q

Does the muscle spindle lie in parallel or series with the muscle fibres?!

A

Parallel

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7
Q

What does the muscle spindle detect?!

A

Detects change in muscle length

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8
Q

What does the Golgi tendon organ do?!

A

Detects muscle tension or force

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10
Q

What does the muscle spindle enable?!

A

Regulation of muscle contraction and precisely matches force generation to motor tasks

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11
Q

What type of receptor is the Golgi tendon organ?!

A

Mechanoreceptor

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12
Q

What does the muscle spindle comprise of?!

A

Intrafusal muscle

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13
Q

What does extrafusal muscle do?!

A

Generates force and forms the bulk of the muscle

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14
Q

What is extrafusal muscle innervated by?!

A

Alpha motor neurones

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15
Q

What is the Intrafusal muscle innervated by?!

A

Gamma motor neurones

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16
Q

What does the Intrafusal muscle do?!

A

Acts as a sensory receptor

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17
Q

What happens when an alpha motor neurone is activated?!

A

The muscle contracts

Muscle spindle slackens and no longer is sensitive to stretch of muscle

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18
Q

What happens when a gamma motor neurone is activated?!

A

Muscle contracts as does the spindle fibre allowing it to be sensitive to the stretch of the muscle

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19
Q

What is the characteristics of classes I & II for sensory afferents?!

A

Large diameter
Rapidly conducting
Often mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

What are the characteristics for III & IV for sensory afferents?!

A

Small diameter
Slow conducting
Often nociceptors and thermoreceptors

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21
Q

What do primary afferents group Ia do?!

A

Stretch and rate of change in stretch

22
Q

What do secondary afferents group II do?!

A

Stretch only

23
Q

What do group III and above do?!

A

Nociceptive from muscle

24
Q

What do group Ib from Golgi tendon organs do?!

A

Signal force change in muscle

25
Q

What does the tendon reflex respond to?!

A

Excess contraction

27
Q

Does the Golgi tendon organ lie in series or parallel to the muscle fibre?!

A

Series

28
Q

Why is the stretch reflex mono somatic?!

A

No inter neurone

29
Q

Which reflexes are polysomatic?!

A

Flexor reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed extensor

30
Q

What is reciprocal in the stretch reflex?!

A

Inhibitory - goes to the antagonist muscle to prevent damage

31
Q

What is the main goal of tendon reflex?!

A

To cause relaxation therefore it is inhibitory

32
Q

Is the tendon reflex monosomatic or polysomatic?!

A

Polysomatic - contains an inter neurone

33
Q

What does reciprocal innervation of the tendon reflex cause?!

A

Contraction

34
Q

What is the sensory receptor in the tendon reflex?!

A

Tendon organ

35
Q

When does the withdrawal reflex occur?!

A

In response to a painful stimuli

36
Q

Why does the motor neurones ascend and descend in the withdrawal reflex?!

A

Different sections of the spinal cord innervate different parts of the hamstring muscle = intersegmental

37
Q

Which reflexes are monosomatic?!

A

stretch reflex

39
Q

What is the crossed extensor reflex in conjunction with?!

A

The withdrawal reflex

40
Q

Which reflexes share the same stimuli?!

A

Crossed extensor and withdrawal reflex

41
Q

Which reflexes are intersegmental?!

A

Crossed extensor and withdrawal reflex

42
Q

What are muscle spindles innervated by?!

A

Group Ia or II nerve fibres

47
Q

Why is the crossed extensor Contralateral?!

A

The inter neurones cross the midline of the spinal cord in order to stimulate extensor muscles in the other limb for balance

50
Q

What do motor units vary in?!

A

Size
Amount of tension produced
Speed of contraction
Degree of fatigability

55
Q

Why is the stretch reflex ipsolateral?!

A

Motor impulse leaves from the same side from which is arose

65
Q

What is a motor pool?!

A

All of the motoneurones innervating a single muscle

66
Q

What does the corticospinal tract descend through?!

A

Medulla
Midbrain
Pons

67
Q

Where do motor signals synapse in the corticospinal tract?!

A

Ventral horn

68
Q

What is the basal ganglia involved with?!

A

Selection and initiation of movements

69
Q

What is the cerebellum involved with?!

A

Co-ordination of movements

70
Q

What is the vestibular system involved with?!

A

Important in postural control

Biology Of The Mind (16 decks)

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