sense

Question 1

results only from those stimuli that reach the cerebral cortex and are consciously perceived. Can be defined as general or special.

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

are sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials.

Answer 2

sensory receptors

Question 3

general senses, such as pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and proprioception, are scattered throughout the body.

Answer 3

receptors

Question 4

an unpleasant sensation that may be either localized or diffuse.

can be reduced or controlled by stimulation of tactile receptors as well as increased motor activity.

from deeper structures may be referred to more superficial structures, such as the skin.

Answer 4

pain

Question 5

respond to chemical stimulation, vision to light stimulation, and hearing and balance to mechanical stimulation.

Answer 5

smell and taste

Question 6

have enlarged distal ends with long cilia. The cilia have

Answer 6

olfactory neurons

Question 7

The wide range of detectable odors results from

Answer 7

combinations of receptors responses

Question 8

of the olfactory neurons form the olfactory nerves, which enter the olfactory bulb.

the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve project to the vestibular nucleus and on to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 8

axons

Question 9

carry action potentials from the olfactory bulbs to the olfactory cortex of the brain.

Answer 9

olfactory tract

Question 10

contain taste cells with hairs that extend into taste pores.
Receptors on the hairs detect dissolved substances.

Answer 10

taste buds

Question 11

carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue;

Answer 11

facial nerve

Question 12

carries taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue

Answer 12

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 13

carries taste from the root of the tongue

Answer 13

vagus nerve

Question 14

prevent perspiration from entering the eyes.

Answer 14

eyebrows

Question 15

protect the eyes from foreign objects.

Answer 15

eyelids

Question 16

covers the inner eyelids and the anterior surface of an eye

Answer 16

conjunctiva

Question 17

produce tears that flow across the eye surface to lubricate and protect the eye. Excess tears pass through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.

Answer 17

lacrimal glands

Question 18

move the eyeball.

Answer 18

extrinsic eye muscles

Question 19

the outer layer of the eye. It consists of the sclera and cornea.

Answer 19

fibrous tunic

Question 20

the middle layer of the eye. It consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.

Answer 20

vascular tonic

Question 21

held in place by the suspensory ligaments, which are attached to the smooth muscles of the ciliary body.

Answer 21

lens

Question 22

the inner layer of the eye and contains neurons sensitive to light.

Answer 22

nervous tunic

Question 23

responsible for vision in low illumination (night vision).

Answer 23

rods

Question 24

responsible for color vision.

Answer 24

cones

Question 25

the center of the macula has the highest concentration of cones and is the area where images are detected most clearly.

Answer 25

fovea centralis

Question 26

where the optic nerve exits the eye and blood vessels enter.

Answer 26

optic disc, or blind spot,

Question 27

The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are anterior to the lens and are filled with

Answer 27

aqueous humor

Question 28

filled with vitreous humor.

Answer 28

vitreous

Question 29

keep the eye inflated, refract light, and provide nutrients to the inner surface of the eye.

Answer 29

humors

Question 30

passing through a concave surface diverges. Light passing through a convex surface converges.

causes retinal to change shape, which causes opsin to change shape, leading eventually to cellular changes that result in an action potential at the retina.

Answer 30

light

Question 31

cross at the focal point and are said to be focused.

Answer 31

converging light rays

Question 32

responsible for most of the convergence, whereas the lens can adjust the focus by changing shape (accommodation).

Answer 32

cornea

Question 33

conducted along the optic nerve.

Answer 33

action potential

Question 34

pass through the optic nerves to the optic chiasm, where some cross.

from the nasal retina cross, and those from the temporal retina do not.

Answer 34

axons

Question 35

from the chiasm lead to the thalamus.

Answer 35

optic tract

Question 36

extend from the thalamus to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Answer 36

optic radiation

Question 37

consists of the auricle and the external auditory canal.

Answer 37

external ear

Question 38

contains the three auditory ossicles.

also connected to the mastoid air cells.

Answer 38

middle ear

Question 39

(eardrum) is stretched across the external auditory canal.

Answer 39

tympanic membrane

Question 40

tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx and equalizes pressure.

Answer 40

auditory or eustachian

Question 41

has three parts: the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea.

Answer 41

inner ear

Question 42

a canal shaped like a snail’s shell.

divided into three compartments by the vestibular and basilar membranes.

Answer 42

cochlea

Question 43

consists of hair cells that attach to the basilar and tectorial membranes.

Answer 43

spiral organ

Question 44

are funneled through the auricle down the external auditory canal, causing the tympanic membrane to vibrate.

Answer 44

sound waves

Question 45

are passed along the ossicles to the oval window of the inner ear.

Answer 45

tympanic membrane vibrations

Question 46

action potentials travel to the cochlear nucleus and on to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 46

vestibulocochlear nerve,

Question 47

evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity.

Answer 47

static equilibrium

Question 48

located in the vestibule, consist of hair cells with the microvilli embedded in a gelatinous mass that contains otoliths.

Answer 48

maculae

Question 49

evaluates movements of the head

Answer 49

dynamic equilibrium

Question 50

each semicircular canal contains a crista ampullaris, which has hair cells with microvilli embedded in a gelatinous mass, the cupula.

Answer 50

ampulla