integumentary

Question 1

-consists of the skin, hair, glands, and nails.

-protects us from the external environment. Other functions include sensation, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and excretion of small amounts of waste products.

Answer 1

integumentary system

Question 2

stratified squamous epithelium divided into strata.

Answer 2

epidermis

Question 3

from deep to superficial are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Answer 3

strata

Question 4

produced in the stratum basale.

Answer 4

new cells

Question 5

consists of many layers of dead squamous cells containing keratin. The most superficial layers are sloughed.

Answer 5

stratum corneum

Question 6

the transformation of stratum basale cells into stratum corneum cells.

Answer 6

Keratinization

Question 7

results from keratin inside the cells and from desmosomes, which hold the cells together.

Answer 7

structural strength

Question 8

surrounding the stratum corneum cells help prevent fluid loss.

Answer 8

lipids

Question 9

dense connective tissue.

Answer 9

dermis

Question 10

provide structural strength, and the blood vessels of the papillae supply the epidermis with nutrients.

Answer 10

collagen and elastic fibers

Question 11

produce melanin, which is responsible for different skin colors.

Answer 11

melanocytes

Question 12

production is determined genetically but can be modified by exposure to ultraviolet light and by hormones.

Answer 12

melanin

Question 13

a plant pigment ingested as a source of vitamin A, can cause the skin to appear yellowish.

Answer 13

carotene

Question 14

produces a red skin color, whereas decreased blood flow causes a pale skin color.

Answer 14

increased blood flow

Question 15

results in the blue skin color of cyanosis.

Answer 15

Decreased blood O

Question 16

collagen produces a bluish color.

Answer 16

scattering of light

Question 17

which is not part of the skin, is loose connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying tissues. About half of the body’s lipids are stored.

Answer 17

subcutaneous tissue

Question 18

-columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells. Each hair consists of a shaft (above the skin), a root (below the skin), and a hair bulb (site of hair cell formation).”

-have a growth phase and a resting phase.

Answer 18

hairs

Question 19

which are smooth muscles, causes hair to “stand on end” and produces a “goose bump.”

Answer 19

contraction of the arrector pili

Question 20

produce sebum, which oils the hair and the surface of the skin.

Answer 20

sebaceous glands

Question 21

produce sweat, which cools the body.

Answer 21

eccrine sweat glands

Question 22

produce an organic secretion that causes body odor when broken down by bacteria.

Answer 22

apocrine sweat glands

Question 23

consists of the nail body and the nail root.

Answer 23

nail

Question 24

produces the nail, which is composed of stratum corneum cells containing hard keratin.

Answer 24

nail matrix

Question 25

-reduces water loss, prevents the entry of microorganisms, and provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet light; hair and nails also perform protective functions.

-contains sensory receptors for pain, heat, cold, and pressure.

Answer 25

skin

Question 26

stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is modified by the liver and kidneys into vitamin D

Answer 26

ultraviolet light

Question 27

increases calcium uptake in the small intestine.

Answer 27

vitamin D

Question 28

-Through dilation and constriction of blood vessels, the skin controls heat loss from the body.

-Evaporation of sweat cools the body.

Answer 28

temperature regulation

Question 29

Skin glands remove small amounts of waste products but are not important in excretion.

Answer 29

excretion

Question 30

easily observed and often reflects events occurring in other parts of the body (e.g., cyanosis, jaundice, rashes).

Answer 30

integumentary system

Question 31

damage only the epidermis (first-degree burn) or the epidermis and the dermis (second-degree burn).

Answer 31

partial thickness burns

Question 32

(third-degree burns) destroy the epidermis, the dermis, and usually underlying tissues.

Answer 32

full thickness burns

Question 33

damage tissue deeper than the subcutaneous tissue, including muscle and bone.

Answer 33

fourth degree burns