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anaphy lec exam > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

receiving sensory input, integrating information, controlling muscles and glands, maintaining homeostasis, and serving as the center of mental activity.

A

nervous system

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2
Q

-consists of the brain and spinal cord

-constantly receives sensory input.

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

-consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS.

-transmits action potentials to the CNS; the motor division carries action potentials away from the CNS.

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

divided into somatic and autonomic systems.

A

motor division

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5
Q

innervates skeletal muscle and is mostly under voluntary control.

A

somatic motor system

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6
Q

-innervates skeletal muscle and is mostly under voluntary control.

-divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A

autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

contains both sensory and motor neurons, which can function independently of the CNS.

A

enteric nervous system

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8
Q

-receive stimuli and conduct action potentials.

-consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

-multipolar, bipolar, or pseudo-unipolar.

A

neurons

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9
Q

the support cells of the nervous system. They include astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.

A

glial cells

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10
Q

either unmyelinated or myelinated.

A

axons

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11
Q

consists of white matter and gray matter.

A

nervous tissue

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12
Q

forms the cortex and nuclei in the brain and ganglia in the PNS.

A

gray matter

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13
Q

forms nerve tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.

A

white matter

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14
Q

-results from the charge difference across the membrane of cells.

-set by leak ion channels and the sodium-potassium pump.

A

resting membrane potential

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15
Q

occurs when the charge across the cell membrane is briefly reversed.

A

action potential

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16
Q

generate the action potential.

A

Chemically gated and voltage-gated ion channels

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17
Q

occurs along unmyelinated axons.

A

continuous conduction

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18
Q

occurs along myelinated axons.

A

saltatory conduction

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19
Q

point of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and another cell, such as a muscle or gland cell.

A

synapse

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20
Q

are either converging or diverging.

A

neuronal pathways

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21
Q

occur in neuronal pathways.

A

spatial and temporal summation

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22
Q

xtends from the foramen magnum to the second lumbar vertebra; below that is the cauda equina.

A

spinal cord

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23
Q

has a central gray part organized into horn

A

spinal cord

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24
Q

part forming nerve tracts.

A

peripheral white

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25
Q

extend out of the cord

A

roots of spinal nerves

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26
Q

the functional units of the nervous system.

A

reflex arcs

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27
Q

consists of a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, interneurons, a motor neuron, and an effector organ; the simplest reflex arcs do not involve interneurons.

A

complex reflex arc

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28
Q

occurs when the quadriceps femoris muscle is stretched.

A

knee jerk reflex

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29
Q

removes a body part from a painful stimulus.

A

withdrawal reflex

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30
Q

exit the vertebral column at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.

A

spinal nerves

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31
Q

are grouped into plexuses.

A

nerves

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32
Q

which supplies the diaphragm, is the most important branch of the cervical plexus.

A

phrenic nerve

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33
Q

supplies nerves to the upper limb.

A

brachial plexus

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34
Q

supplies nerves to the lower limb

A

lumbosacral plexus

35
Q

contains several nuclei.

A

brainstem

36
Q

contains nuclei that control activities such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and balance.

A

medulla oblongata

37
Q

contains relay nuclei between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

pons

38
Q

involved in hearing and in visual reflexes.

A

midbrain

39
Q

scattered throughout the brainstem and is important in regulating cyclical motor functions. It is also involved in maintaining consciousness and in the sleep-wake cycle.

A

reticular formation

40
Q

attached to the brainstem.

A

cerebellum

41
Q

consists of the thalamus (main sensory relay center)

A

diencephalon

42
Q

the pineal gland may play a role in sexual maturation

A

epithalamus

43
Q

important in maintaining homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

has two hemispheres, each divided into lobes: the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

A

cerebrum

45
Q

-transmit action potentials from the periphery to the brain.

-project to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

A

ascending tracts

46
Q

involved in recognizing the sensory input.

A

association areas

47
Q

functions include involuntary and voluntary movements.

A

somatic motor

48
Q

-the cerebral cortex connect to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei.

-located in the primary motor cortex.

A

upper motor neurons

49
Q

regulate movements.

A

premotor and prefrontal areas

50
Q

project directly from upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

descending tract

51
Q

indirectly, they project from basal nuclei

A

brainstem

52
Q

through the brainstem to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.

A

cerebellum or cerebral cortex

53
Q

help plan, organize, and coordinate motor movements and posture.

A

basal nuclei

54
Q

-involved in balance, muscle tone, and muscle coordination.

-compares the intended action to what is occurring and modifies the action to eliminate differences.

-damaged, muscle tone decreases and fine motor movements become very clumsy.

A

cerebellum

55
Q

controls the opposite half of the body.

A

hemisphere

56
Q

connect the two hemispheres.

A

commissures

57
Q

thought to be the dominant analytical hemisphere

A

left hemisphere

58
Q

thought to be dominant for spatial perception and musical ability.

A

right hemisphere

59
Q

involves the sensory speech area, the motor speech area, and the interactions between them and other cortical areas.

A

speech

60
Q

brain waves, which are a summation of the electrical activity of the brain.

A

EEG monitors

61
Q

lasting a few seconds to minutes

A

working

62
Q

lasting a few minutes

A

short term

63
Q

-permanent memory.

-includes declarative and procedural memories.

A

long term

64
Q

-includes the olfactory cortex, deep cortical regions, and nuclei.

-involved with memory, motivation, mood, and other visceral functions. Olfactory stimulation is a major influence.

A

limbic system

65
Q

contain fluid-filled cavities:

A

brain and spinal cord

66
Q

in the cerebral hemispheres,

A

lateral ventricles

67
Q

in the diencephalon,

A

third ventricle

68
Q

in the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct

69
Q

-at the base of the cerebellum, and a central canal in the spinal cord.

-has openings into the subarachnoid space.

A

fourth ventricle

70
Q

formed in the choroid plexuses in the ventricles. It exits through the fourth ventricle and reenters the blood through arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

71
Q

how many airs of cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

72
Q

how many are the sensory function (S)

A

3

73
Q

how many are the somatic motor function (M)

A

4

74
Q

how many is the somatic motor (M) and sensory function (S),

A

1

75
Q

how many are the somatic motor and parasympathetic (P) function, 3 with all three functions.

A

1

76
Q

how many are the of the cranial nerves have parasympathetic function.

A

4

77
Q

-contains preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

-has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A

autonomic nervous system

78
Q

-the sympathetic division lie in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

  • parasympathetic division are associated with some of the cranial and sacral nerves.
A

preganglionic cell bodies

79
Q

-located in the sympathetic chain ganglia or in collateral ganglia.

-located in terminal ganglia, either near or within target organs.

A

postganglionic cell bodies

80
Q

All autonomic preganglionic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons is

A

secrete acetylcholine

81
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons is

A

secrete norepinephrine

82
Q

prepares a person for action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and release of glucose for energy.

A

symphathetic division

83
Q

involved in involuntary activities at rest, such as the digestion of food, defecation, and urination.

A

parasympathetic division

84
Q

-forms plexuses in the digestive tract wall.

-are sensory, motor, or interneurons; they receive CNS input but can also function independently.

A

enteric nervous system

anaphy lec exam (10 decks)

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