nervous system

Question 1

receiving sensory input, integrating information, controlling muscles and glands, maintaining homeostasis, and serving as the center of mental activity.

Answer 1

nervous system

Question 2

-consists of the brain and spinal cord

-constantly receives sensory input.

Answer 2

central nervous system

Question 3

-consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS.

-transmits action potentials to the CNS; the motor division carries action potentials away from the CNS.

Answer 3

peripheral nervous system

Question 4

divided into somatic and autonomic systems.

Answer 4

motor division

Question 5

innervates skeletal muscle and is mostly under voluntary control.

Answer 5

somatic motor system

Question 6

-innervates skeletal muscle and is mostly under voluntary control.

-divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Answer 6

autonomic nervous system

Question 7

contains both sensory and motor neurons, which can function independently of the CNS.

Answer 7

enteric nervous system

Question 8

-receive stimuli and conduct action potentials.

-consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

-multipolar, bipolar, or pseudo-unipolar.

Answer 8

neurons

Question 9

the support cells of the nervous system. They include astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.

Answer 9

glial cells

Question 10

either unmyelinated or myelinated.

Answer 10

axons

Question 11

consists of white matter and gray matter.

Answer 11

nervous tissue

Question 12

forms the cortex and nuclei in the brain and ganglia in the PNS.

Answer 12

gray matter

Question 13

forms nerve tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.

Answer 13

white matter

Question 14

-results from the charge difference across the membrane of cells.

-set by leak ion channels and the sodium-potassium pump.

Answer 14

resting membrane potential

Question 15

occurs when the charge across the cell membrane is briefly reversed.

Answer 15

action potential

Question 16

generate the action potential.

Answer 16

Chemically gated and voltage-gated ion channels

Question 17

occurs along unmyelinated axons.

Answer 17

continuous conduction

Question 18

occurs along myelinated axons.

Answer 18

saltatory conduction

Question 19

point of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and another cell, such as a muscle or gland cell.

Answer 19

synapse

Question 20

are either converging or diverging.

Answer 20

neuronal pathways

Question 21

occur in neuronal pathways.

Answer 21

spatial and temporal summation

Question 22

xtends from the foramen magnum to the second lumbar vertebra; below that is the cauda equina.

Answer 22

spinal cord

Question 23

has a central gray part organized into horn

Answer 23

spinal cord

Question 24

part forming nerve tracts.

Answer 24

peripheral white

Question 25

extend out of the cord

Answer 25

roots of spinal nerves

Question 26

the functional units of the nervous system.

Answer 26

reflex arcs

Question 27

consists of a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, interneurons, a motor neuron, and an effector organ; the simplest reflex arcs do not involve interneurons.

Answer 27

complex reflex arc

Question 28

occurs when the quadriceps femoris muscle is stretched.

Answer 28

knee jerk reflex

Question 29

removes a body part from a painful stimulus.

Answer 29

withdrawal reflex

Question 30

exit the vertebral column at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.

Answer 30

spinal nerves

Question 31

are grouped into plexuses.

Answer 31

nerves

Question 32

which supplies the diaphragm, is the most important branch of the cervical plexus.

Answer 32

phrenic nerve

Question 33

supplies nerves to the upper limb.

Answer 33

brachial plexus

Question 34

supplies nerves to the lower limb

Answer 34

lumbosacral plexus

Question 35

contains several nuclei.

Answer 35

brainstem

Question 36

contains nuclei that control activities such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and balance.

Answer 36

medulla oblongata

Question 37

contains relay nuclei between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Answer 37

pons

Question 38

involved in hearing and in visual reflexes.

Answer 38

midbrain

Question 39

scattered throughout the brainstem and is important in regulating cyclical motor functions. It is also involved in maintaining consciousness and in the sleep-wake cycle.

Answer 39

reticular formation

Question 40

attached to the brainstem.

Answer 40

cerebellum

Question 41

consists of the thalamus (main sensory relay center)

Answer 41

diencephalon

Question 42

the pineal gland may play a role in sexual maturation

Answer 42

epithalamus

Question 43

important in maintaining homeostasis

Answer 43

hypothalamus

Question 44

has two hemispheres, each divided into lobes: the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

Answer 44

cerebrum

Question 45

-transmit action potentials from the periphery to the brain. -project to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 45

ascending tracts

Question 46

involved in recognizing the sensory input.

Answer 46

association areas

Question 47

functions include involuntary and voluntary movements.

Answer 47

somatic motor

Question 48

-the cerebral cortex connect to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord or cranial nerve nuclei. -located in the primary motor cortex.

Answer 48

upper motor neurons

Question 49

regulate movements.

Answer 49

premotor and prefrontal areas

Question 50

project directly from upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

Answer 50

descending tract

Question 51

indirectly, they project from basal nuclei

Answer 51

brainstem

Question 52

through the brainstem to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Answer 52

cerebellum or cerebral cortex

Question 53

help plan, organize, and coordinate motor movements and posture.

Answer 53

basal nuclei

Question 54

-involved in balance, muscle tone, and muscle coordination. -compares the intended action to what is occurring and modifies the action to eliminate differences. -damaged, muscle tone decreases and fine motor movements become very clumsy.

Answer 54

cerebellum

Question 55

controls the opposite half of the body.

Answer 55

hemisphere

Question 56

connect the two hemispheres.

Answer 56

commissures

Question 57

thought to be the dominant analytical hemisphere

Answer 57

left hemisphere

Question 58

thought to be dominant for spatial perception and musical ability.

Answer 58

right hemisphere

Question 59

involves the sensory speech area, the motor speech area, and the interactions between them and other cortical areas.

Answer 59

speech

Question 60

brain waves, which are a summation of the electrical activity of the brain.

Answer 60

EEG monitors

Question 61

lasting a few seconds to minutes

Answer 61

working

Question 62

lasting a few minutes

Answer 62

short term

Question 63

-permanent memory. -includes declarative and procedural memories.

Answer 63

long term

Question 64

-includes the olfactory cortex, deep cortical regions, and nuclei. -involved with memory, motivation, mood, and other visceral functions. Olfactory stimulation is a major influence.

Answer 64

limbic system

Question 65

contain fluid-filled cavities:

Answer 65

brain and spinal cord

Question 66

in the cerebral hemispheres,

Answer 66

lateral ventricles

Question 67

in the diencephalon,

Answer 67

third ventricle

Question 68

in the midbrain

Answer 68

cerebral aqueduct

Question 69

-at the base of the cerebellum, and a central canal in the spinal cord. -has openings into the subarachnoid space.

Answer 69

fourth ventricle

Question 70

formed in the choroid plexuses in the ventricles. It exits through the fourth ventricle and reenters the blood through arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus.

Answer 70

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 71

how many airs of cranial nerves

Answer 71

12 pairs

Question 72

how many are the sensory function (S)

Answer 72

3

Question 73

how many are the somatic motor function (M)

Answer 73

4

Question 74

how many is the somatic motor (M) and sensory function (S),

Answer 74

1

Question 75

how many are the somatic motor and parasympathetic (P) function, 3 with all three functions.

Answer 75

1

Question 76

how many are the of the cranial nerves have parasympathetic function.

Answer 76

4

Question 77

-contains preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. -has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Answer 77

autonomic nervous system

Question 78

-the sympathetic division lie in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord. - parasympathetic division are associated with some of the cranial and sacral nerves.

Answer 78

preganglionic cell bodies

Question 79

-located in the sympathetic chain ganglia or in collateral ganglia. -located in terminal ganglia, either near or within target organs.

Answer 79

postganglionic cell bodies

Question 80

All autonomic preganglionic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons is

Answer 80

secrete acetylcholine

Question 81

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons is

Answer 81

secrete norepinephrine

Question 82

prepares a person for action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and release of glucose for energy.

Answer 82

symphathetic division

Question 83

involved in involuntary activities at rest, such as the digestion of food, defecation, and urination.

Answer 83

parasympathetic division

Question 84

-forms plexuses in the digestive tract wall. -are sensory, motor, or interneurons; they receive CNS input but can also function independently.

Answer 84

enteric nervous system