basic chem Flashcards
anything that occupies space and has mass.
matter
the amount of matter in an obiect, and weight results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object.
mass
the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties.
element
the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element.
-consist of neutrons, positively charged protons, and negatively charged electrons.
-electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
atom
composed of only one kind of atom.
element
the nucleus, and electrons can be represented by an electron cloud around the nucleus.
protons and neutrons
the unique number of protons in each atom of an element.
atomic number
the number of protons and neutrons.
mass number
determined by its electronegativity.
chemical reactivity of an atom
how much an atom that has closer electrons in its valence shell has a stronger electronegativity than an atom that has only 1 or 2 electrons in its valence shell.
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results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity.
ionic bond
results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities.
covalent bond
an unequal sharing of electron pairs.
polar covalent bond
two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.
molecule
-two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.
-can be a molecule (covalent compound) or an organized array of ions (ionic compound).
compound
-the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules.
-important in determining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules.
hydrogen bond
separation of ions in an ionic compound by water molecules.
dissociation
the combination of reactants to form a new, larger product.
synthesis reaction
the breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products.
decomposition reaction
a combination of a decomposition reaction, in which reactants are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine.
exchange reaction
the reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants.
reversible reaction
The amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at
equilibrium
-the capacity to do work. Potential energy is stored energy that could do work, and kinetic energy does work by causing the movement of an object.
-exists in chemical bonds as potential energy.
-released in chemical reactions when the products contain less potential energy than the reactants.
-can be lost as heat, used to synthesize molecules, or used to do work.
-must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the reactants.
-can be neither created nor destroyed, but one type of energy can be changed into another.
energy
increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently.
catalysts
are proton (H+) donors
acids
proton acceptors.
bases
has an equal number of H+ and OH and a pH of 7.0.
neutral solution
has more H+ than OH- and a pH less than 7.0.
acidic solution
has fewer H* than OH- and a pH greater than 7.0.
basic solution
forms when an acid reacts with a base.
salt
chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.
buffers
-mostly concerned with non-carbon-containing substances but does include such carbon-containing substances as CO, and carbon monoxide.
-play important roles in the body.
inorganic chemistry
involved with the extraction of energy from food molecules.
oxygen
a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.
carbon dioxide
a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.
carbon dioxide
-stabilizes body temperature.
-provides protection by acting as a lubricant or a cushion.
-necessary for many chemical reactions.
water
contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds.
organic molecules
provide the body with energy.
carbohydrates
the building blocks that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.
monosaccharides
-organic molecules that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as water.
-Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are examples of it.
-provide energy (fats), serve as structural components (phospholipids), and regulate physiological processes (steroids).
lipids
The building blocks of triglycerides (fats) are
glycerol and fatty acids
can be saturated (have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms).
fatty acids
have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
saturated
have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
unsaturated
regulate chemical reactions (enzymes), serve as structural components, and cause muscle contraction.
proteins
The building blocks of proteins
amino acids
disrupts hydrogen bonds, which changes the shape of proteins and makes them nonfunctional.
denaturation of proteins
specific, bind to reactants according to the lock-and-key model, and function by lowering activation energy.
enzymes
The basic unit of nucleic acids, which is a monosaccharide with an attached phosphate and nitrogenous base.
nucleotide
contain the monosaccharide deoxyribose and the organic bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. DNA occurs as a double strand of joined nucleotides and is the genetic material of cells.
DNA nucleotides
composed of the monosaccharide ribose.
The organic bases are the same as for DNA, except that thymine is replaced with uracil.
RNA nucleotide
stores energy, which can be used in cell processes.
ATP
