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anaphy lec exam > basic chem > Flashcards

basic chem Flashcards

1
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass.

A

matter

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2
Q

the amount of matter in an obiect, and weight results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object.

A

mass

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3
Q

the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties.

A

element

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4
Q

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element.

-consist of neutrons, positively charged protons, and negatively charged electrons.

-electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

A

atom

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5
Q

composed of only one kind of atom.

A

element

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6
Q

the nucleus, and electrons can be represented by an electron cloud around the nucleus.

A

protons and neutrons

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7
Q

the unique number of protons in each atom of an element.

A

atomic number

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8
Q

the number of protons and neutrons.

A

mass number

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9
Q

determined by its electronegativity.

A

chemical reactivity of an atom

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10
Q

how much an atom that has closer electrons in its valence shell has a stronger electronegativity than an atom that has only 1 or 2 electrons in its valence shell.

A

8

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11
Q

results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity.

A

ionic bond

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12
Q

results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities.

A

covalent bond

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13
Q

an unequal sharing of electron pairs.

A

polar covalent bond

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14
Q

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

A

molecule

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15
Q

-two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.

-can be a molecule (covalent compound) or an organized array of ions (ionic compound).

A

compound

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16
Q

-the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules.

-important in determining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules.

A

hydrogen bond

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17
Q

separation of ions in an ionic compound by water molecules.

A

dissociation

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18
Q

the combination of reactants to form a new, larger product.

A

synthesis reaction

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19
Q

the breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products.

A

decomposition reaction

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20
Q

a combination of a decomposition reaction, in which reactants are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine.

A

exchange reaction

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21
Q

the reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants.

A

reversible reaction

22
Q

The amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at

A

equilibrium

23
Q

-the capacity to do work. Potential energy is stored energy that could do work, and kinetic energy does work by causing the movement of an object.

-exists in chemical bonds as potential energy.

-released in chemical reactions when the products contain less potential energy than the reactants.

-can be lost as heat, used to synthesize molecules, or used to do work.

-must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the reactants.

-can be neither created nor destroyed, but one type of energy can be changed into another.

A

energy

24
Q

increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently.

A

catalysts

25
Q

are proton (H+) donors

A

acids

26
Q

proton acceptors.

A

bases

27
Q

has an equal number of H+ and OH and a pH of 7.0.

A

neutral solution

28
Q

has more H+ than OH- and a pH less than 7.0.

A

acidic solution

29
Q

has fewer H* than OH- and a pH greater than 7.0.

A

basic solution

30
Q

forms when an acid reacts with a base.

A

salt

31
Q

chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

A

buffers

32
Q

-mostly concerned with non-carbon-containing substances but does include such carbon-containing substances as CO, and carbon monoxide.

-play important roles in the body.

A

inorganic chemistry

33
Q

involved with the extraction of energy from food molecules.

A

oxygen

34
Q

a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.

A

carbon dioxide

35
Q

a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.

A

carbon dioxide

36
Q

-stabilizes body temperature.

-provides protection by acting as a lubricant or a cushion.

-necessary for many chemical reactions.

A

water

37
Q

contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds.

A

organic molecules

38
Q

provide the body with energy.

A

carbohydrates

39
Q

the building blocks that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

monosaccharides

40
Q

-organic molecules that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as water.

-Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are examples of it.

-provide energy (fats), serve as structural components (phospholipids), and regulate physiological processes (steroids).

A

lipids

41
Q

The building blocks of triglycerides (fats) are

A

glycerol and fatty acids

42
Q

can be saturated (have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms).

A

fatty acids

43
Q

have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

A

saturated

44
Q

have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

A

unsaturated

45
Q

regulate chemical reactions (enzymes), serve as structural components, and cause muscle contraction.

A

proteins

46
Q

The building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

47
Q

disrupts hydrogen bonds, which changes the shape of proteins and makes them nonfunctional.

A

denaturation of proteins

48
Q

specific, bind to reactants according to the lock-and-key model, and function by lowering activation energy.

A

enzymes

49
Q

The basic unit of nucleic acids, which is a monosaccharide with an attached phosphate and nitrogenous base.

A

nucleotide

50
Q

contain the monosaccharide deoxyribose and the organic bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. DNA occurs as a double strand of joined nucleotides and is the genetic material of cells.

A

DNA nucleotides

51
Q

composed of the monosaccharide ribose.
The organic bases are the same as for DNA, except that thymine is replaced with uracil.

A

RNA nucleotide

52
Q

stores energy, which can be used in cell processes.

A

ATP

anaphy lec exam (10 decks)

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