basic chem

Question 1

anything that occupies space and has mass.

Answer 1

matter

Question 2

the amount of matter in an obiect, and weight results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object.

Answer 2

mass

Question 3

the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties.

Answer 3

element

Question 4

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element.

-consist of neutrons, positively charged protons, and negatively charged electrons.

-electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

Answer 4

atom

Question 5

composed of only one kind of atom.

Answer 5

element

Question 6

the nucleus, and electrons can be represented by an electron cloud around the nucleus.

Answer 6

protons and neutrons

Question 7

the unique number of protons in each atom of an element.

Answer 7

atomic number

Question 8

the number of protons and neutrons.

Answer 8

mass number

Question 9

determined by its electronegativity.

Answer 9

chemical reactivity of an atom

Question 10

how much an atom that has closer electrons in its valence shell has a stronger electronegativity than an atom that has only 1 or 2 electrons in its valence shell.

Answer 10

8

Question 11

results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity.

Answer 11

ionic bond

Question 12

results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities.

Answer 12

covalent bond

Question 13

an unequal sharing of electron pairs.

Answer 13

polar covalent bond

Question 14

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

Answer 14

molecule

Question 15

-two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.

-can be a molecule (covalent compound) or an organized array of ions (ionic compound).

Answer 15

compound

Question 16

-the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules.

-important in determining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules.

Answer 16

hydrogen bond

Question 17

separation of ions in an ionic compound by water molecules.

Answer 17

dissociation

Question 18

the combination of reactants to form a new, larger product.

Answer 18

synthesis reaction

Question 19

the breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products.

Answer 19

decomposition reaction

Question 20

a combination of a decomposition reaction, in which reactants are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine.

Answer 20

exchange reaction

Question 21

the reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants.

Answer 21

reversible reaction

Question 22

The amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at

Answer 22

equilibrium

Question 23

-the capacity to do work. Potential energy is stored energy that could do work, and kinetic energy does work by causing the movement of an object.

-exists in chemical bonds as potential energy.

-released in chemical reactions when the products contain less potential energy than the reactants.

-can be lost as heat, used to synthesize molecules, or used to do work.

-must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the reactants.

-can be neither created nor destroyed, but one type of energy can be changed into another.

Answer 23

energy

Question 24

increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently.

Answer 24

catalysts

Question 25

are proton (H+) donors

Answer 25

acids

Question 26

proton acceptors.

Answer 26

bases

Question 27

has an equal number of H+ and OH and a pH of 7.0.

Answer 27

neutral solution

Question 28

has more H+ than OH- and a pH less than 7.0.

Answer 28

acidic solution

Question 29

has fewer H* than OH- and a pH greater than 7.0.

Answer 29

basic solution

Question 30

forms when an acid reacts with a base.

Answer 30

salt

Question 31

chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

Answer 31

buffers

Question 32

-mostly concerned with non-carbon-containing substances but does include such carbon-containing substances as CO, and carbon monoxide. -play important roles in the body.

Answer 32

inorganic chemistry

Question 33

involved with the extraction of energy from food molecules.

Answer 33

oxygen

Question 34

a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.

Answer 34

carbon dioxide

Question 35

a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.

Answer 35

carbon dioxide

Question 36

-stabilizes body temperature. -provides protection by acting as a lubricant or a cushion. -necessary for many chemical reactions.

Answer 36

water

Question 37

contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds.

Answer 37

organic molecules

Question 38

provide the body with energy.

Answer 38

carbohydrates

Question 39

the building blocks that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Answer 39

monosaccharides

Question 40

-organic molecules that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as water. -Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are examples of it. -provide energy (fats), serve as structural components (phospholipids), and regulate physiological processes (steroids).

Answer 40

lipids

Question 41

The building blocks of triglycerides (fats) are

Answer 41

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 42

can be saturated (have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms).

Answer 42

fatty acids

Question 43

have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Answer 43

saturated

Question 44

have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Answer 44

unsaturated

Question 45

regulate chemical reactions (enzymes), serve as structural components, and cause muscle contraction.

Answer 45

proteins

Question 46

The building blocks of proteins

Answer 46

amino acids

Question 47

disrupts hydrogen bonds, which changes the shape of proteins and makes them nonfunctional.

Answer 47

denaturation of proteins

Question 48

specific, bind to reactants according to the lock-and-key model, and function by lowering activation energy.

Answer 48

enzymes

Question 49

The basic unit of nucleic acids, which is a monosaccharide with an attached phosphate and nitrogenous base.

Answer 49

nucleotide

Question 50

contain the monosaccharide deoxyribose and the organic bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. DNA occurs as a double strand of joined nucleotides and is the genetic material of cells.

Answer 50

DNA nucleotides

Question 51

composed of the monosaccharide ribose. The organic bases are the same as for DNA, except that thymine is replaced with uracil.

Answer 51

RNA nucleotide

Question 52

stores energy, which can be used in cell processes.

Answer 52

ATP