cells

Question 1

highly organized units containing organelles, which perform specific functions.

Answer 1

cells

Question 2

contains genetic material

Answer 2

nucleus

Question 3

the living material between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

Answer 3

cytoplasm

Question 4

• the basic unit of life.
• protect and support the body, as well as provide for cell metabolism, communication, and inheritance.

Answer 4

cell

Question 5

-forms the outer boundary of the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

-composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins float. The proteins function as membrane channels, carrier molecules, receptor molecules, enzymes, and structural components of the membrane.

Answer 5

cell membrane

Question 6

the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent.

Answer 6

diffusion

Question 7

the distribution of molecules is uniform.

Answer 7

equilibrium

Question 8

the distribution of molecules is uniform.

Answer 8

equilibrium

Question 9

the concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent minus the concentration of that solute at another point in the solvent divided by the distance between the points.

Answer 9

concentration gradient

Question 10

pass through the cell membrane readily by dissolving in the lipid portion of the membrane.

Answer 10

Lipid-soluble molecules

Question 11

can pass through membrane channels.

Answer 11

Small molecules and ions

Question 12

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 12

osmosis

Question 13

the force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 13

osmotic pressure

Question 14

cells swell (and can undergo lysis)

Answer 14

hypotonic solution

Question 15

cells neither swell nor shrink

Answer 15

isotonic solution

Question 16

cells shrink and undergo creation.

Answer 16

hypertonic solution

Question 17

a mediated transport process, involving channel or carrier proteins, that moves substances from a higher to a lower concentration and does not require energy in the form of ATP.

Answer 17

facilitated diffusion

Question 18

can move substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.

Answer 18

Active transport

Question 19

uses the energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane.

Answer 19

secondary active transport

Question 20

both substances move in the same direction

Answer 20

cotransport

Question 21

they move in opposite directions.

Answer 21

countertransport

Question 22

the movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.

Answer 22

endocytosis

Question 23

involves cell receptors attaching to molecules, which are then transported into the cell.

Answer 23

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 24

the movement of solid material into cells.

Answer 24

phagocytosis

Question 25

similar to phagocytosis, except that the material ingested is much smaller and is in solution.

Answer 25

pinocytosis

Question 26

the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation.

Answer 26

exocytosis

Question 27

consists of two separate membranes that form nuclear pores at many points on the surface of the nucleus.

Answer 27

nuclear envelope

Question 28

-found inside the nucleus as chromatin. -the hereditary material of the cell and controls cell activities.

Answer 28

DNA

Question 29

consist of RNA and proteins and are the sites of ribosomal subunit assembly.

Answer 29

nucleoli

Question 30

- are the sites of protein synthesis. -composed of one large and one small subunit.

Answer 30

ribosomes

Question 31

with ribosomes attached. It is a major site of protein synthesis.

Answer 31

rough er

Question 32

does not have ribosomes attached and is a major site of lipid synthesis.

Answer 32

smooth er

Question 33

a series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.

Answer 33

golgi alparatus

Question 34

membrane-bound sacs that carry substances from the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, where the vesicle contents are released.

Answer 34

Secretory Vesicles

Question 35

membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes. Within the cell

Answer 35

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Question 36

break down phagocytized material.

Answer 36

lysosomes

Question 37

break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.

Answer 37

peroxisomes

Question 38

-the major sites for the production of ATP, which cells use as an energy source. -carry out aerobic respiration (requires O,).

Answer 38

mitochondrial

Question 39

-supports the cytoplasm and organelles and is involved with cell movements. -composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

Answer 39

cytoskeleton

Question 40

located in the centrosome, are made of microtubules. They facilitate chromosome movement during cell division.

Answer 40

centrioles

Question 41

move substances over the surface of cells.

Answer 41

cilia

Question 42

much longer than cilia and propel sperm cells.

Answer 42

flagella

Question 43

increase the surface area of cells and thus aid in absorption.

Answer 43

microvilli

Question 44

regulated by enzymes (proteins), and DNA controls enzyme production.

Answer 44

cell activity

Question 45

the sequence of nucleotides in DNA (a gene) determines the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA; the mRNA moves through the nuclear pores to ribosomes.

Answer 45

transcription

Question 46

three nucleotide sequences in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.

Answer 46

codons

Question 47

the sequence of codons in mRNA is used at ribosomes to produce proteins.

Answer 47

translation

Question 48

bind to the codons of mRNA, and the amino acids carried by tRNA are joined to form a protein.

Answer 48

anticodons of tRNA

Question 49

consists of a series of events that produce new cells for growth and for tissue repair.

Answer 49

cell cycle

Question 50

The two phases of the cell cycle

Answer 50

interphase and cell division

Question 51

replicates during the S phase of interphase.

Answer 51

DNA

Question 52

occurs through mitosis, which is divided into four stages

Answer 52

cell division

Question 53

each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

Answer 53

prophase

Question 54

chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

Answer 54

metaphase

Question 55

chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

Answer 55

anaphase

Question 56

the two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.

Answer 56

telophase

Question 57

the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions, results from the selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections.

Answer 57

differentiation

Question 58

-the programmed death of cells. -regulates the number of cells within various tissues of the body.

Answer 58

apoptosis