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anaphy lec exam > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

highly organized units containing organelles, which perform specific functions.

A

cells

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2
Q

contains genetic material

A

nucleus

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3
Q

the living material between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q
  • the basic unit of life.
  • protect and support the body, as well as provide for cell metabolism, communication, and inheritance.
A

cell

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5
Q

-forms the outer boundary of the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

-composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins float. The proteins function as membrane channels, carrier molecules, receptor molecules, enzymes, and structural components of the membrane.

A

cell membrane

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6
Q

the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent.

A

diffusion

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7
Q

the distribution of molecules is uniform.

A

equilibrium

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8
Q

the distribution of molecules is uniform.

A

equilibrium

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9
Q

the concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent minus the concentration of that solute at another point in the solvent divided by the distance between the points.

A

concentration gradient

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10
Q

pass through the cell membrane readily by dissolving in the lipid portion of the membrane.

A

Lipid-soluble molecules

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11
Q

can pass through membrane channels.

A

Small molecules and ions

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12
Q

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

osmosis

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13
Q

the force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

osmotic pressure

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14
Q

cells swell (and can undergo lysis)

A

hypotonic solution

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15
Q

cells neither swell nor shrink

A

isotonic solution

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16
Q

cells shrink and undergo creation.

A

hypertonic solution

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17
Q

a mediated transport process, involving channel or carrier proteins, that moves substances from a higher to a lower concentration and does not require energy in the form of ATP.

A

facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

can move substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.

A

Active transport

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19
Q

uses the energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane.

A

secondary active transport

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20
Q

both substances move in the same direction

A

cotransport

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21
Q

they move in opposite directions.

A

countertransport

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22
Q

the movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.

A

endocytosis

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23
Q

involves cell receptors attaching to molecules, which are then transported into the cell.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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24
Q

the movement of solid material into cells.

A

phagocytosis

25
Q

similar to phagocytosis, except that the material ingested is much smaller and is in solution.

A

pinocytosis

26
Q

the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation.

A

exocytosis

27
Q

consists of two separate membranes that form nuclear pores at many points on the surface of the nucleus.

A

nuclear envelope

28
Q

-found inside the nucleus as chromatin.

-the hereditary material of the cell and controls cell activities.

A

DNA

29
Q

consist of RNA and proteins and are the sites of ribosomal subunit assembly.

A

nucleoli

30
Q
  • are the sites of protein synthesis.

-composed of one large and one small subunit.

A

ribosomes

31
Q

with ribosomes attached. It is a major site of protein synthesis.

A

rough er

32
Q

does not have ribosomes attached and is a major site of lipid synthesis.

A

smooth er

33
Q

a series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.

A

golgi alparatus

34
Q

membrane-bound sacs that carry substances from the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, where the vesicle contents are released.

A

Secretory Vesicles

35
Q

membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes. Within the cell

A

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

36
Q

break down phagocytized material.

A

lysosomes

37
Q

break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.

A

peroxisomes

38
Q

-the major sites for the production of ATP, which cells use as an energy source.

-carry out aerobic respiration (requires O,).

A

mitochondrial

39
Q

-supports the cytoplasm and organelles and is involved with cell movements.

-composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

A

cytoskeleton

40
Q

located in the centrosome, are made of microtubules. They facilitate chromosome movement during cell division.

A

centrioles

41
Q

move substances over the surface of cells.

A

cilia

42
Q

much longer than cilia and propel sperm cells.

A

flagella

43
Q

increase the surface area of cells and thus aid in absorption.

A

microvilli

44
Q

regulated by enzymes (proteins), and DNA controls enzyme production.

A

cell activity

45
Q

the sequence of nucleotides in DNA (a gene) determines the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA; the mRNA moves through the nuclear pores to ribosomes.

A

transcription

46
Q

three nucleotide sequences in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.

A

codons

47
Q

the sequence of codons in mRNA is used at ribosomes to produce proteins.

A

translation

48
Q

bind to the codons of mRNA, and the amino acids carried by tRNA are joined to form a protein.

A

anticodons of tRNA

49
Q

consists of a series of events that produce new cells for growth and for tissue repair.

A

cell cycle

50
Q

The two phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase and cell division

51
Q

replicates during the S phase of interphase.

A

DNA

52
Q

occurs through mitosis, which is divided into four stages

A

cell division

53
Q

each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

A

prophase

54
Q

chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

A

metaphase

55
Q

chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

A

anaphase

56
Q

the two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.

A

telophase

57
Q

the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions, results from the selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections.

A

differentiation

58
Q

-the programmed death of cells.

-regulates the number of cells within various tissues of the body.

A

apoptosis

anaphy lec exam (10 decks)

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