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anaphy lec exam > muscular > Flashcards

muscular Flashcards

1
Q

responsible for movement of the arms, legs, heart, and other parts of the body; maintenance of posture; respiration; production of body heat; communication; constriction of organs and vessels; and heartbeat.

A

mucles

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2
Q

responsible for most body movements

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes and moves substances through them

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

in the heart and pumps blood.

A

cardiac muscle

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5
Q

shortens forcefully

A

contractility

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6
Q

responds to stimuli

A

excitability

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7
Q

can be stretched and still contract

A

extensibility

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8
Q

recoils to resting length

A

elasticity

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9
Q

shortens forcefully but lengthens passively

A

muscle tissue

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10
Q

associated with connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

A

skeletal muscle fibers

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11
Q

bundles of muscle fibers, are covered by the connective tissue layer called the perimysium.

A

muscle fascicles

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12
Q

The entire muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue layer

A

epimysium

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13
Q

extend together with arteries and veins through the connective tissue of skeletal muscles.

A

motor neurons

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14
Q

axons of motor neurons branch, and each branch projects to a muscle fiber to form a neuromuscular junction.

A

perimysium

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15
Q

axons of motor neurons branch, and each branch projects to a muscle fiber to form a neuromuscular junction.

A

perimysium

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16
Q

single cell consisting of a plasma membrane (sarcolemma), cytoplasm (sarcoplasm), several nuclei, and myofibrils.

A

muscle fiber

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17
Q

what components of a muscle fiber include the sarcolemma, the T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

electrical components

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18
Q

what components of a muscle fiber include the myofibrils and the myofilaments.

A

mechanical component

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19
Q

composed of two major protein fibers: actin and myosin.

A

myofibrils

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20
Q

consist of actin (composed of G actin monomers), tropomyosin, and troponin.

A

actin myofilaments

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21
Q

consisting of heads and a rodlike portion, constitute myosin myofilaments.

A

myosin molecules

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22
Q

forms when the myosin binds to the actin.

A

cross bridge

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23
Q

organized to form sarcomeres.

A

actin and myosin

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24
Q

bound by Z disks that hold actin myofilaments.

A

sarcomeres

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25
Q

the location where a motor neuron is in close proximity to the muscle fiber.

A

neuromuscular junction

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26
Q

contains synaptic vesicles that house the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.

A

motor neuron axon terminal

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27
Q

-are polarized, which means that a charge difference, called the resting membrane potential

-becomes polarized because the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell is resisted by the negative charges of ions and molecules inside the cell.

A

plasma membrane

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28
Q

-responsible for membrane permeability and the resting membrane potential.

-responsible for producing action potentials.

A

ion channels

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29
Q

The charge difference across the plasma membrane of cells

A

resting membrane potential

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30
Q

-results from an increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+.

-the action potential results when many Na+ channels open in an all-or-none fashion.

A

depolarization

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31
Q

the action potential occurs when the Nat channels close and the K+ channels open briefly.

A

repolarization

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32
Q

separates the presynaptic terminal of the axon from the motor end-plate of the muscle fiber.

A

synaptic cleft

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33
Q

released from the presynaptic terminal binds to receptors of the motor end-plate, thereby changing membrane permeability and producing an action potential.

A

acetylcholine

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34
Q

splits acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline.

A

acetylcholinesterase

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35
Q

reabsorbed into the presynaptic terminal to re-form acetylcholine.

A

choline

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36
Q

a T tubule and two terminal cisternae (an enlarged area of sarcoplasmic reticulum).

A

triad

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37
Q

move into the T tubule system, causing Ca* channels to open and release Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

action potentials

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38
Q

diffuse from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the myofilaments and bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose active sites on actin to myosin.

A

calcium ions

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39
Q

occurs when myosin heads bind to active sites on actin, myosin changes shape, and actin is pulled past the myosin.

A

contraction

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40
Q

occurs when calcium is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, ATP binds to myosin, and tropomyosin moves back so that active sites on actin are no longer exposed to myosin.

A

relaxation

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41
Q

-required for the cycle of cross-bridge formation, movement, and release.

-required to transport Ca+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and to maintain normal concentration gradients across the plasma membrane.

A

ATP

42
Q

-transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

-diffuse away from troponin, preventing further cross bridge formation

A

calcium ions

43
Q

-the contraction of a single muscle fiber or a whole muscle in response to a stimulus.

-has lag, contraction, and relaxation phases.

A

muscle twitch

44
Q

results in graded contractions of increased force through either summation or recruitment.

A

stimulus of increasing magnitude

45
Q

partial relaxation between contractions; complete tetanus is no relaxation between contractions.

A

incomplete tetanus

46
Q

increases the force of contraction (wave summation).

A

stimulus of increasing frequency

47
Q

cause muscles to shorten and tension to increase.

A

concentric contraction

48
Q

cause muscle to lengthen and tension to decrease gradually.

A

eccentric contractions

49
Q

the maintenance of steady tension for long periods.

A

muscle tone

50
Q

break down ATP slowly and have a well-developed blood supply, many mitochondria, and myoglobin.

A

slow twitch muscle fibers

51
Q

break down ATP rapidly.

A

fast twitch muscle fibers

52
Q

have a well-developed blood supply, more mitochondria, and more myoglobin.

A

type IIa muscle fibers

53
Q

have large amounts of glycogen, a poor blood supply, fewer mitochondria, and little myoglobin.

A

type IIb muscle fibers

54
Q

hypertrophy

A

muscle increase

55
Q

atrophy

A

muscle decrease

56
Q

develops type Ilb muscle fibers.

A

anaerobic exercise

57
Q

develops type I muscle fibers and changes type IIb muscle fibers into type Ila fast-twitch muscle fibers.

A

aerobic exercise

58
Q

-The ATP synthesized by anaerobic respiration provides energy for a short time during intense exercise.

-produces ATP less efficiently but more rapidly than aerobic respiration. Lactate levels increase because of anaerobic respiration.

A

anaerobic respiration

59
Q

-The ATP synthesized by aerobic respiration produces energy for muscle contractions under resting conditions or during exercises such as long-distance running. Although ATP is produced more efficiently, it is produced more slowly.

-produces more ATTP than anaerobic respiration, but at a slower rate.

A

aerobic respiration

60
Q

the decreased ability to do work, can be caused by the central nervous system, depletion of ATP in muscles, or depletion of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction.

A

fatigue

61
Q

the inability of muscles to contract or relax

A

physiological contracture

62
Q

stiff muscles after death result from inadequate amounts of ATP.

A

rigor mortis

63
Q

caused by inflammation in the muscle.

A

soreness

64
Q

spindle-shaped with a single nucleus. They have actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments but are not striated.

A

smooth muscle cells

65
Q

poorly developed, and caveolae may function as a T tubule system.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

are striated, have a single nucleus, are connected by intercalated disks (and thus function as a single unit), and are capable of autorhythmicity.

A

cardiac muscle fibers

67
Q

causes a certain movement

A

agonist

68
Q

acts in opposition to the agonist.

A

antagonist

69
Q

muscles that function together to produce movement.

A

synergists

70
Q

mainly responsible for a movement.

A

prime movers

71
Q

stabilize the action of prime movers.

A

fixators

72
Q

The origins of facial muscles

A

skull bones or fascia

73
Q

into the skin, causing movement of the facial skin, lips, and eyelids.

A

insertions

74
Q

Three pairs of muscles close the jaw; gravity opens the jaw. Forced opening is caused by the lateral pterygoids and the hyoid muscles.

A

mastication

75
Q

muscles change the shape of the tongue; extrinsic tongue muscles move the tongue.

A

intrinsic tongue

76
Q

can depress the jaw and assist in swallowing.

A

hyoid muscles

77
Q

open and close the openings to the nasal cavity, auditory tubes, and larynx.

A

muscles

78
Q

the origins of these muscles are mainly on the cervical vertebrac (except for the sternocleidomastoid); the insertions are on the occipital bone

A

neck muscles

79
Q

-These muscles extend, laterally flex, rotate, or flex the vertebral column.

-A more superficial group of muscles runs from the pelvis to the skull, extending from the vertebrae to the ribs.

-A deep group of muscles connects adjacent vertebrae.

A

vertebral column muscles

80
Q

-Most respiratory movement is caused by the diaphragm.

-Muscles attached to the ribs aid in respiration.

A

thoracic muscles

81
Q

hold and protect abdominal organs and cause flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column.

A

abdominal wall muscles

82
Q

These muscles support the abdominal organs inferiorly.

A

pelvic diaphragm and perineum muscles

83
Q

how many are the muscles attach the scapula to the trunk and enable the scapula to function as an anchor point for the muscles and bones of the arm

A

six

84
Q

how many muscles attach the humerus to the scapula.

A

seven

85
Q

how many muscles attach the humerus to the trunk.

A

two additional muscles

86
Q

These muscles cause flexion and extension of the shoulder and abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction of the arm.

A

arm movements

87
Q

the elbow are accomplished by three muscles in the arm and two in the forearm.

A

flexion and extension

88
Q

accomplished primarily by forearm muscles.

A

supination and pronation

89
Q

muscles in the forearm.

A

extrinsic hand muscles

90
Q

muscles are in the hand

A

instrinsic hand muscles

91
Q

cause flexion of the hip.

A

anterior pelvic muscles

92
Q

responsible for extension of the hip and abduction and rotation of the thigh.

A

muscles of the buttocks

93
Q

extend the leg,

A

anterior thigh muscles

94
Q

flex the leg.

A

posterior thigh muscles

95
Q

muscles flex the hip and extend the knee.

A

anterior compartment

96
Q

muscles adduct the thigh.

A

medial compartment

97
Q

muscles extend the hip and flex the knee.

A

posterior compartment

98
Q

cause dorsiflexion, inversion, or eversion of the foot and extension of the toes.

A

anterior compartment

99
Q

plantar flex and evert the foot

A

lateral compartment

100
Q

flex the leg, plantar flex and invert the foot, and flex the toes.

A

posterior compartment

101
Q

flex or extend, and abduct or adduct, the toes.

A

intrinsic foot muscle

anaphy lec exam (10 decks)

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