endocrine

Question 1

Endocrine chemical messengers are called

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

has 10 major functions that contribute to homeostasis

consists of ductless glands.

Answer 2

endocrine system

Question 3

include steroids, thyroid hormones, and some fatty acid derivatives.

bind to nuclear receptors located inside the nucleus of the target cell.

Answer 3

lipid soluble hormones

Question 4

include proteins, peptides, and amino acid derivatives.

circulate freely in the blood

bind to membrane-bound receptors, which are integral membrane proteins.

Answer 4

water soluble hormones

Question 5

degrade protein and peptide hormones in the blood; the breakdown products are then excreted in the urine.

Answer 5

proteases

Question 6

exhibited by hormones that are sensitive to circulating blood levels of certain molecules, such as glucose or calcium.

Answer 6

humoral stimulation

Question 7

cause hormone secretion in direct response to action potentials in neurons, as occurs during stress or exercise.

Answer 7

neural stimuli

Question 8

Hormones from the hypothalamus that cause the release of other hormones are called

Answer 8

releasing hormones

Question 9

other hormone secretion is common in the endocrine system.

Answer 9

hormonal stimulation

Question 10

Hormones from the anterior pituitary that stimulate hormones from other endocrine glands are called

Answer 10

tropic hormones

Question 11

can inhibit the secretion of hormones.

Answer 11

humoral substance

Question 12

can prevent hormone secretion.

Answer 12

neural stimuli

Question 13

prevent hormone release.

Answer 13

inhibiting hormones

Question 14

prevents further hormone secretion once a set point is achieved.

Answer 14

negative feedback

Question 15

self-promoting system whereby the stimulation of hormone secretion increases over time.

Answer 15

positive feedback

Question 16

have portions that allow them to bind to the DNA in the nucleus once the hormone is bound.

cannot respond immediately because it takes time to produce the mRNA and the protein.

Answer 16

nuclear receptors

Question 17

activates genes, which in turn activate the DNA to produce mRNA.

Answer 17

hormone receptors

Question 18

increases the synthesis of certain proteins that produce the target cell’s response.

Answer 18

mRNA

Question 19

activate a cascade of events once the hormone binds.

Answer 19

membrane bound receptors

Question 20

Some membrane-bound receptors are associated with membrane proteins called

Answer 20

g proteins

Question 21

act rapidly because they act on already existing enzymes and produce an amplification effect.

Answer 21

second messenger system

Question 22

connected to the hypothalamus in the brain by the infundibulum. It is divided into anterior and posterior portions.

Answer 22

pituitary

Question 23

are controlled by hormones that pass through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system from the hypothalamus.

Answer 23

secretions from the anterior pituitary

Question 24

secreted from the posterior pituitary are controlled by action potentials carried by axons that pass from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

secreted by cells in the stomach and intestine help regulate stomach, pancreatic, and liver secretions.

Answer 24

hormones

Question 25

secretes thyroid hormones, which control the metabolic rate of tissues, and calcitonin, which helps regulate blood Ca+ levels.

Answer 25

thyroid gland

Question 26

secrete parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate blood Ca?+ levels. Active vitamin D also helps regulate blood Ca?+ levels.

Answer 26

parathyroid glands

Question 27

secretes primarily epinephrine and some norepinephrine. These hormones help prepare the body for physical activity.

Answer 27

adrenal medulla

Question 28

reduce inflammation and break down proteins and lipids, making them available as energy sources to other tissues.

Answer 28

Glucocorticoids

Question 29

help regulate blood Na+ and K+ levels and water volume.

Answer 29

Mineralocorticoids

Question 30

secreted by the kidneys, helps regulate blood pressure by increasing angiotensin II and aldosterone production.

Answer 30

renin

Question 31

increase female sexual drive but normally have little effect in males.

Answer 31

adrenal androgens

Question 32

secretes insulin in response to elevated levels of blood glucose and amino acids. secretes somatostatin in response to food intake.

Answer 32

pancreas

Question 33

increases the rate at which many tissues, including adipose tissue, the liver, and skeletal muscles, take up glucose and amino acids

Answer 33

insulin

Question 34

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion and gastric tract activity.

Answer 34

somastostatin

Question 35

secrete testosterone, and the ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help control reproductive processes.

Answer 35

testes

Question 36

from the pituitary gland control hormone secretion from the ovaries and testes.

Answer 36

LH and FSH

Question 37

secretes thymosin, which enhances the function of the immune system.

Answer 37

thymus

Question 38

secretes melatonin, which may help regulate the onset of puberty by acting on the hypothalamus.

Answer 38

pineal gland

Question 39

are hormones that have a local effect, produce numerous effects on the body, and play a role in inflammation

Answer 39

prostaglandins

Question 40

from the right atrium of the heart lowers blood pressure.

Answer 40

ANH

Question 41

from the kidney stimulates red blood cell production.

Answer 41

Erythropoietin

Question 42

secretes human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone, which are essential to the maintenance of pregnancy.

Answer 42

placenta