endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine chemical messengers are called

A

hormones

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2
Q

has 10 major functions that contribute to homeostasis

consists of ductless glands.

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

include steroids, thyroid hormones, and some fatty acid derivatives.

bind to nuclear receptors located inside the nucleus of the target cell.

A

lipid soluble hormones

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4
Q

include proteins, peptides, and amino acid derivatives.

circulate freely in the blood

bind to membrane-bound receptors, which are integral membrane proteins.

A

water soluble hormones

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5
Q

degrade protein and peptide hormones in the blood; the breakdown products are then excreted in the urine.

A

proteases

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6
Q

exhibited by hormones that are sensitive to circulating blood levels of certain molecules, such as glucose or calcium.

A

humoral stimulation

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7
Q

cause hormone secretion in direct response to action potentials in neurons, as occurs during stress or exercise.

A

neural stimuli

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8
Q

Hormones from the hypothalamus that cause the release of other hormones are called

A

releasing hormones

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9
Q

other hormone secretion is common in the endocrine system.

A

hormonal stimulation

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10
Q

Hormones from the anterior pituitary that stimulate hormones from other endocrine glands are called

A

tropic hormones

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11
Q

can inhibit the secretion of hormones.

A

humoral substance

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12
Q

can prevent hormone secretion.

A

neural stimuli

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13
Q

prevent hormone release.

A

inhibiting hormones

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14
Q

prevents further hormone secretion once a set point is achieved.

A

negative feedback

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15
Q

self-promoting system whereby the stimulation of hormone secretion increases over time.

A

positive feedback

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16
Q

have portions that allow them to bind to the DNA in the nucleus once the hormone is bound.

cannot respond immediately because it takes time to produce the mRNA and the protein.

A

nuclear receptors

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17
Q

activates genes, which in turn activate the DNA to produce mRNA.

A

hormone receptors

18
Q

increases the synthesis of certain proteins that produce the target cell’s response.

A

mRNA

19
Q

activate a cascade of events once the hormone binds.

A

membrane bound receptors

20
Q

Some membrane-bound receptors are associated with membrane proteins called

A

g proteins

21
Q

act rapidly because they act on already existing enzymes and produce an amplification effect.

A

second messenger system

22
Q

connected to the hypothalamus in the brain by the infundibulum. It is divided into anterior and posterior portions.

A

pituitary

23
Q

are controlled by hormones that pass through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system from the hypothalamus.

A

secretions from the anterior pituitary

24
Q

secreted from the posterior pituitary are controlled by action potentials carried by axons that pass from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

secreted by cells in the stomach and intestine help regulate stomach, pancreatic, and liver secretions.

A

hormones

25
Q

secretes thyroid hormones, which control the metabolic rate of tissues, and calcitonin, which helps regulate blood Ca+ levels.

A

thyroid gland

26
Q

secrete parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate blood Ca?+ levels. Active vitamin D also helps regulate blood Ca?+ levels.

A

parathyroid glands

27
Q

secretes primarily epinephrine and some norepinephrine. These hormones help prepare the body for physical activity.

A

adrenal medulla

28
Q

reduce inflammation and break down proteins and lipids, making them available as energy sources to other tissues.

A

Glucocorticoids

29
Q

help regulate blood Na+ and K+ levels and water volume.

A

Mineralocorticoids

30
Q

secreted by the kidneys, helps regulate blood pressure by increasing angiotensin II and aldosterone production.

A

renin

31
Q

increase female sexual drive but normally have little effect in males.

A

adrenal androgens

32
Q

secretes insulin in response to elevated levels of blood glucose and amino acids.

secretes somatostatin in response to food intake.

A

pancreas

33
Q

increases the rate at which many tissues, including adipose tissue, the liver, and skeletal muscles, take up glucose and amino acids

A

insulin

34
Q

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion and gastric tract activity.

A

somastostatin

35
Q

secrete testosterone, and the ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help control reproductive processes.

A

testes

36
Q

from the pituitary gland control hormone secretion from the ovaries and testes.

A

LH and FSH

37
Q

secretes thymosin, which enhances the function of the immune system.

A

thymus

38
Q

secretes melatonin, which may help regulate the onset of puberty by acting on the hypothalamus.

A

pineal gland

39
Q

are hormones that have a local effect, produce numerous effects on the body, and play a role in inflammation

A

prostaglandins

40
Q

from the right atrium of the heart lowers blood pressure.

A

ANH

41
Q

from the kidney stimulates red blood cell production.

A

Erythropoietin

42
Q

secretes human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone, which are essential to the maintenance of pregnancy.

A

placenta