Semester I Midterm Ben Flashcards
1) What type of tissue do the cells indicated with arrows represent?
2) What is the stain?
3) What was the tissue sample viewed in class for this tissue type and how was it different?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
(pleural mesothelium shown)
H-E stain
We viewed the endothelium of a cross-section of a carotid artery (slide 50) at high magnification. This can be seen below at low magnification.
What tissue type is indicated by the arrow?
What is the stain?
Where in the body is this particular sample of this tissue type coming from?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
H-E Stain
Amniotic Epithelium - the outside layer of the umbilical cord (slide 19)
What is the tissue type indicated by the arrow?
What is the stain?
What particular organ is this tissue sample from?
What is the name for the fuzzy layer visible on the apical side of the cells? What makes it up?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
H-E Stain
inner lining of the gall bladder (slide 3)
- fuzzy layer is the brush border or cuticle made up of microvilli
What is the tissue type formed by the elongated cells whose nuclei are oriented vertically in this picture? How can you tell?
What is the stain?
Where is this particular sample from?
What are the features at the apical end of the cells in this layer (and bonus: what are they for)?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - can be differentiated from truly stratified tissues because all of its cells reach the basal lamina
H-E Stain
from the epididymis (slide 4)
Stereocilia - in epididymis, stereocilia increase surface area for resportion of fluids secreted by seminiferous tubules, creating a current which pulls sperm through this tube system
What is the tissue type made up of 3 layers labeled with letters here?
How can it be distinguished from other tissues like it?
What are the 3 layers and their distinguishing characteristics?
What organ is this tissue from?
Stain?
What are the formations of eosinophilic tissue jutting into the basophilic tissue on either side of the “B” called? (Structures emerging from below this layer)
Stratified Non-Keratinized Squamous Epithelium - distinguished from keratinized by its living, nucleated cells at its most apical layer
- B = Stratum Basale/Germinativum - columnar, oval nuclei
- S = Stratum Spinosum/Polygonale - round nuclei
- P = Stratum Planocellulare/Superficiale - squamous
- from the esophagus (slide 5)
- H-E Stain
- Connective tissue papillae jut into the epithelium, which is in the more superficial part of the dermis
What is this tissue?
What are its layers labeled with letters and their characteristics? What important substance does layer G contain?
Where is this sample from?
Stain?
Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium
- Stratum Basale - columnar, oval nuclei
- Stratum Spinosum - round nuclei, thick layer
- Stratum Granulosum - 1-2 cells thick, contains basophilic keratohyaline granules
- Stratum Lucidum - dead cells, more eosinophilic, only in thick skin (soles, palms)
- Stratum Corneum - large apical layer of dead cells
- sample from palm skin (slide 6)
- H-E Stain
What type of tissue is this? What are its 3 layers?
What organ is this sample from?
Stain?
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- has an apical and basal columnar layer with a middle polygonal layer between them
- from male urethra (slide 7)
- H-E Stain
What kind of tissue is this darker, apical layer (two names)?
What specific cells do the arrows point out? And what are the cells in the layer below?
What organ is this from?
Stain?
Transitional Epithelium or Urothelium
- arrows indicate Umbrella Cells, often binucleate specialized cells which expand when the bladder is full
- Piriform Cells below in middle layer above basal layer
- from the Urinary Bladder (slide 8)
- H-E Stain
What are the cells indicated by arrows?
How do they secrete their product?
What organ is this sample from? And in what special microscopic feature of that organ are these cells found?
Why do these cells appear hollow?
Goblet Cells
- secrete mucus via both apocrine and merocrine secretion
- from the colon (slide 10), found within crypts of Lieberkuhn
- appear hollow because mucin protein does not stain with H-E
What is mucin and how can it be stained?
- A glycoprotein secreted by goblet cells
- Can be stained with **mucicarmin **or PAS (Period Acid Schiff) reaction
What are the three types of exocrine secretion and some examples of where each is found?
- **Merocrine **- product secreted via exocytosis, found in goblet cells
- **Apocrine **- secretion via membrane-enveloped vesicles, found in mammary glands
- **Holocrine **- product released via apoptosis, ex: sebaceous glands
What is the round structure connected to F via D?
What does it secrete and how?
What’s special about the cells of this structure closer to D?
What are d and f?
What is the stain used and similar sample?
Sebaceous Gland (slide 11)
- secretes sebum into the hair follicle via holocrine secretion
- sebacous gland cells closer to the duct are dead (and therefore anucleate) because they have burst in order to secrete their product
- H-E stain, Scalp Skin
- Hornowsky and AZAN are similar, but differently colored
How do the cells surrounding these lumens secrete their products? What type of secretion?
Where is this sample from?
Why do some cells protrude further into the lumen than others?
What is the stain?
(Pseudo)Apocrine Secretion
- this is from the Prostate Gland (slide 12)
- some cells have secreted their product while others still contain it
- H-E stain
What is the organ shown here?
What is D? M? lumenless cell group just above D?
What does the arrow indicate?
stain?
Submandibular Gland (slide 13)
- D is a salivary duct and can be identified by its lighter cytoplasms, round, central nuclei and clearly visible lumen
- M is a mucous acinus and can be distinguished by its light, poorly-stained cytoplasm and basal nuclei
- above D is serous acinus which synthesize amylase enzyme
- arrow shows a serous demilune (of Gianuzzi), a grouping of serous cells around a mucous acinus
- H-E stain
What kind of tissue is this?
What kind of fibers make it up?
What structure is it from?
What are the features pointed out by the dotted lines?
Stain?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- made up of Type I Collagen Fibers
- from a tendon (slide 14)
- dotted lines indicate nuclei of tendocytes, which are flattened and therefore distinguishable from muscle cell nuclei
- H-E stain
What kind of tissue fibers are these?
What organ is this specimen from?
How is it stained?
Elastic Connective Tissue Fibers
- from the tunica media of the carotid artery
- resorcin-fuchsin stain was used here, because elastic fibers need special staining (orcein can also be used)
What kind of fibers are indicated by the green arrows?
What are they made of?
What organ is this specimen from and what other organs are made of these fibers?
How is it stained?
Reticulin Fibers
- reticular connective tissue fibers are made of Type III Collagen
- this is from the liver (slide 16), but all parenchymal organs (spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, etc.) contain reticulin
- silver impregnation is used because reticular fibers are argyrophilic
What is this tissue?
How is it stained? What is this stain made of? What does it differentiate?
Scalp Skin
- AZAN stain made of Azocarmin and Anilin-blue
- differentiates epithelial (red/pink) and connective tissue (blue) elements
What is this tissue?
What are the cells in this tissue called?
And the background substance?
Stain?
Embryonic Connective Tissue
- mesenchymal cells
- Wharton’s jelly - basophilic mucous CT
- H-E stain
What is the indented middle area here?
Stain?
What kind of cells are active here?
Healing Wound (slide 20)
- this is a peptic ulcer between two healthy, intact pieces of simple columnar epithelium
- HE Stain
- fibrocytes (6) - dormant fibroblasts, elongated nuclei. typically in healthy or deep tissue
- Fibroblast (1) - immune cells active is unhealthy tissue.
- plasma cells (2) - highly basophilic, secrete antibodies. note clockface apprearance of nucleus
- lymphocytes (10) - small, round, dense nucleus, light cytoplasm. Normally seen as small, dark purple spots.
- macrophages - very large, granules of engulfed materal. Almost never seen!
- eosinophils (7) - very pink cytoplasm, bilobed nuclei
What kind of cell is this? What slide might it be found in?
How can you tell?
Macrophage (slide 20 of the healing ulcer)
- derived from monocytes, present in connective tissues
- very large size
- contain granules of engulfed particles
- eccentric nucleus stained darker than fibroblast
What are these dark cells called?
How are they distinguished from others near them?
Stain?
Plasma Cells
- granular, spoke-like, eccentric nucleus (light euchromatin, dark heterochromatin) and highly basophilic cytoplasm
the blood smear is stained with May-Grunwald Giemsa
- plasma cells are very present in chronic inflammations where they release antibodies
What kind of cell is this?
How can you tell?
Stain?
Eosinophil (slide 20 ulcer)
- eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules and bilobed nucleus
Note pink-red granules
- H-E stain
What are these dark cells?
How are they stained?
Mast Cells - release histamine, heparin and ECF (eosinophilic chromatactic factor)
- toluidin blue stain
(slide 21)
What are these large orange structures?
What does the arrow indicate?
How is this stained?
What organ is it from?
Adipocytes
- arrow indicates marginal nucleus
- Sudan III stain
- from the tongue (slide 22)
What kind of cell is this?
How can you tell?
How is it stained?
(Bonus: What % of WBCs does it make up and what does it do?)
Neutrophil Granulocyte
- has a 2-to-5-lobed nucleus and light-staining cytoplasm
- May-Grunwold-Giemsa stain
- 40-75% of WBCS … phagocytic first-responders in infection
What are these cells called?
How are they stained?
Erythrocytes
- May-Grunwold-Giemsa stain
What kind of tissue is this?
How is it stained?
What are the cells and the spaces they are in called?
What is a grouping of these cells called?
Hyaline Cartilage
- Chondrocytes exist within lacunae
- a group of chondrocytes is called a chondron
- H-E Stain
What kind of tissue is this?
What are the cells within it called?
What structure is this slide from?
How is it stained?
Elastic Cartilage
- chondrocytes
- slide is from the epiglottis (slide 24)
- Resorcin-Fuchsin + Haemotoxylin
What kind of tissue is this?
What are its cells called?
Where is it found?
How is it stained?
Fibrocartilage
- chondrocytes
- found in menisci, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
- stained with H-E
What kind of tissue is this?
What are the holes to the left of the pointer?
And the vertically-oriented lines to the right of it?
How is it stained?
Bone (cross section, slide 26)
Haversian Canals - contain blood vessels in the middle of osteons
Circumferential Lamellae - concentric layers of bone tissue on inside and outside of compact bone
- Schmorl stain
What is this tissue?
What is are 1 and 2 and how can you tell?
How is it stained?
Long Bone (longitudinal section, slide 27)
- 1 is a Volkmann’s Canal because it runs perpendicular to the axis of the bone
- 2 is a Haversian Canal because it runs parallel to the axis of bone
- Schmorl stain
What does this slide represent?
What do the letters indicate?
What is the name of the line separating D and P?
What does the arrow indicate? What surrounds it? What does it contain?
How is it stained?
Endochondral Ossification
- R - Resting Zone - inactive hyaline cartilage
- H - Proliferation Zone - chondrocytes undergo mitosis in stacks
- D - Degeneration Zone - chondrocytes hypertrophy
- P - Primary Bone Marrow
- line between degeneration zone and formed bone/marrow is called the Zone of Mesenchymal Invasion
- arrow indicates trabecule/spicule of formed bone surrounded by cuboidal osteoblasts and containing osteoclasts in lacunae
- H-E Stain
What is A? How can you tell?
B?
How would A’s name differ if it were found in the zone of mesenchymal invasion between cartilage and bone?
A is an osteoclast because it has several nuclei, is large, and has eosinophilic cytoplasm
B is an osteoblast because it is cuboidal, smaller, and uninucleate
- a large multinucleate cell in the zone of mesenchymal invasion would be a chondroclast
What does this slide represent?
What are the blobby pink middle structures sandwiched between the two outer layers?
How is it stained?
Intramembranous Ossification
- these structures are formed bone trabeculae which in the skull make up the middle spongy diplöe layer
- HE stain
What does this slide represent?
What does the normal arrow indicate?
The arrows with a circle?
How can you tell the difference? And what special area is the first cell type found in?
Staining?
Intramembranous Ossification
- normal arrow shows an osteoclast, circled arrows show osteoblasts
- clasts are larger, multinucleate, pinkish; blasts are smaller, cuboidal, with a single nucleus
- osteoclasts are found in Howship’s Lacunae on the internal/brain side of bone
- HE stain
