Semester 2 Final Flashcards
Cardinal
A special assistant to the Pope
Votive masses
Masses held specifically for somebody’s soul/personal intentions. People paid for them.
Brethren of the Common Life
A religious group of lay people founded on the Eve of the Reformation. The Brethren consisted of lay men who chose to live in poor communities so that they could run schools for poor boys
Girolamo Savonarola
A preacher with a strong following who preached about damnation and sin. He was successful because in the early 1500s there was religious emotionalism and obsession with sin and damnation.
“Imitation of Christ” by Thomas a Kempis
The first best-seller. The first popular books were all religious books. Why wasn’t the Bible the first best-seller, then? It was too hard for people’s limited reading skills.
Flagellation
Whipping oneself as a form of penance. Popular practice during the early 1500s.
Pluralism
When one bishop rules over 2, 3, or more diocese. Bishops were doing this on the Eve of the Reformation.
Nepotism
Giving jobs to relatives. Popes before the Reformation were corrupt and practicing nepotism, choosing relatives as cardinals. Started a cycle: unholy cardinals elected unholy popes who appointed unholy cardinals.
Alexander VI (1490)
Rodrigo Borgia became Alexander VI, a controversial Pope. He had kids and mistresses and became Pope because his family was powerful.
Julius II (early 1500s)
A controversial pope, known as the “Soldier Pope.” He did, however, support the arts and got Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.
Who painted the “Last Supper”?
Leonardo da Vinci
Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?
Michelangelo
Relics
Physical objects as signs of divine power
Madonna and Child
A popular theme of religious art: Mary and Baby Jesus
Annunciation
A popular theme of religious art: Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear a child
Pieta
A popular theme of religious art: “pity”; Mary and her dead son
Depravity
Belief in the utterly sinful nature of the human being, and that man is so corrupted that he can do no good without the grace of God. It is fundamental to the thinking of most leaders of the Reformation, and was first developed by Martin Luther.
Purgatory
The time or state of penance after death before going to Heaven. Taken from the Latin word for “cleansing”
Indulgence
Time off from suffering during purgatory or a lightening of a penance. Indulgences came to be exploited by the Church as a means of raising money. Luther saw the pope’s promotion of indulgences as a serious abuse of papal authority.
“95 Theses”
Luther’s invitation to any student or professors at Wittenberg to debate on the university campus about indulgences and other alleged excesses of the church. They are considered to be the spark that set off the Protestant Reformation.
Emperor Charles V
In Germany, there were many princes who supported Luther, for both religious reasons and for reasons of personal gain. Charles V, the Emperor of Germany, was loyal to the Catholic tradition, but he also was willing to support war the Lutheran princes in order to hold his Holy Roman Empire together.
Ulrich Zwingli
He originated the idea of iconoclasm, and he didn’t believe in the Real Presence in the Eucharist
Real Presence
The actual presence of Christ’s body and blood in the Eucharistic elements. Catholics and Lutherans believe in Real Presence, most Protestants do not.
Iconoclasm
“Image-breaking”; a policy of removing all statues, crucifixes, stained glass windows, tabernacles and other ornaments from the churches. Zwingli promoted iconoclasm so nothing distracts from God’s Word.
English Parliament’s Act of Supremacy in 1534
In 1534, Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife but the Pope wouldn’t let him, so he pressured Parliament to pass this act which made the King the supreme head of the Church of England.
“Bloody” Mary
The daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Became Queen of England after King Edward. She tries to make England Catholic again by persecuting and killing Protestants.
Elizabeth I
Queen of England from 1958-1601. She was a Protestant, the daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. She created the “Anglican settlement,” which tried to take a middle ground between Protestantism and Catholicism for the Church of England. She placed herself as head of the church.
Puritans
Unhappy with the Anglican Settlement, the Puritans were Calvinists who wanted to reform the Church of England. They moved to America.
Ignatius
Ignatius was injured and bedridden. While in bed, he read “The Life of Jesus” and a book about saints. He dreamt about being a soldier courting a princess (which left him unhappy) and about leading a saint-like religious life (which left him happy). He tried and failed to go to the Holy Land. Then he studied for 14 years, wrote the Spiritual Exercises, and founded the Society of Jesus.
Society of Jesus
AKA Jesuits. A religious order founded by St. Ignatius. They take the usual vows, and a fourth vow which is unique to Jesuits–complete obedience to the pope. Requires 30 days of reflection based on the Spiritual Exercises and 16 years of schooling/training in philosophy and theology.
“Spiritual Exercises”
Written by St. Ignatius, the Spiritual Exercises was a retreat guide that calls for a person to pull back from daily concerns and reflect on your relationship with God in order to return back to normal life with renewed religious purpose.
Discernment
Separating and distinguishing our actions, thoughts, remarks, and feelings so you can ask, what is God telling me that I need to know?
Examen
A daily or weekly process to examine our actions, thoughts, remarks, and feelings and discern them.
Council of Trent
A Council that went from 1545-63 that met in three sections to address doctrinal issues that Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, etc. had brought up and reform the Church. Reaffirmed the belief in Real Presence. Taught that original sin is removed by Christ, but a tendency to sin (concupiscence) remains. They agreed with Luther that justification comes from the grace of God, but said that it also includes voluntary receiving of grace through faithful and loving works.
Tradition
What is handed down
Seminary
A school for the training of young men so that priests can be good pastors.
Vernacular
The language of the people
Index
A list of forbidden, heretic books which good Christians should not read.
Missal
Standardizes what mass readings are read on which day and contains all parts of the Latin Mass.
Catechism
A summary of Catholic doctrine
Inquisition
Created by Pope Paul IV, this organization searched for heretics and was often brutal in its methods. Notorious for its work in Spain and Rome
Theresa of Avila
A nun who experienced feverish ecstasies during prayer. She was a mystic.
Mystic
Someone known for deep union with God in prayer
Francis Xavier SJ
Considered to be “ the greatest missionary since St. Paul.” He spread Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan
Vincent de Paul
A genius at recruiting rich people to help poor people
John and Charles Wesley
Created the Methodist movement to restore enthusiasm in the Anglican Church. Charles wrote 2,000 hymns to aid worship
J.S. Bach
A German Lutheran who pioneered the use of the pipe organ in church music
G.F. Handel
Wrote the “Messiah”
“The Messiah”
The most famous example of religious music, written by G.F. Handel
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Sculpted the Ecstasy of St. Teresa and was the architect for the Piazza (plaza) of St. Peter’s Church
Matteo Ricci SJ
Studied Chinese language and culture before teaching the Chinese people about Christianity
Bartolomeo de las Casas
The first to reject the encomiendo system. He quit his job as a manager of an encomiendo to become a bishop. He worked to pass a law banning slavery in the Spanish Empire.
Enlightenment
A movement that encouraged people to leave the “darkness” of faith and superstition to follow the “light” of reason.
Deism
Reasonable belief in a an all-powerful Being who created the world and then let it run by itself without interfering.
Clock-maker
Sir Isaac Newton’s image of a deist creator. God is like a clock-maker: he made the world and then let it go by itself.
Voltaire’s “Candide”
A satire against the Christian belief in providence.
Providence
The idea that a loving God watches over us
Diderot’s “Philosophical Thoughts”
In this book, Diderot taught that humans are good by nature: what we call evil comes from bad reasoning; therefore, our hope lies in education.
Encyclopedia
A book, edited by Diderot, which consisted of essays by prominent thinkers about every major topic that could be imagined. It was a sign of what reason alone could teach us about the world.
Suppression of Jesuits
Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society of Jesus in order to satiate people who didn’t like how loyal the Jesuits were to the Pope
Pius IX (1846-78)
- Began his papacy and made liberal reforms
- Disliked by the liberals. They drove him out of Rome in 1848.
- The French Army protected Pius.
- He issued the Syllabus of Errors.
- Made himself a “prisoner of the Vatican”
“Syllabus of Errors” (1864)
A document issued by Pius IX, which was misunderstood as an attack on progress and modern civilization.
Infallibility/ex cathedra
Without error. Technically, the Pope is infallible only when he speaks “ex cathedra” (from the chair of Peter); when he is speaking for the whole Church on matters of faith and morals.
Vatican I
A council that was intended to discuss liberalism, the relationship of the church to the world, etc. They started by declaring the Pope as infallible–then the council ended
Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903)
Elected as a compromise candidate after Pius IX died. He…
•Opened the secret archives of the Vatican to scholars
•Negotiated an end to Germany’s kulturkampf
•Transformed the way the Church used encyclical letters
Kulturkampf
A policy of Otto von Bismark that closed all Catholic institutions in Germany because a religion that declares its leader infallible can not be reasoned with. It was a “culture-struggle” to protect German culture from the Catholic Church
Encyclical
A letter, written by the pope to bishops and to all persons of good will, in which the timeless principles of scripture and tradition are applied to moral and social issues of today.
Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations” 1776
Posed the theory that we need private ownership, self interested behavior, and competition in free market. His theory is often called capitalism.
Karl Marx
Had 2 ideas about history:
- Class vs class
- The rich use religion and law as tools to hold down the poor.
He thought of communism/socialism
Socialism/communism
The idea that instead of private ownership there was to be collective ownership. Instead of wages dictated by forces of the market, there was to be a new rule of thumb: “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”
“Rerum Novarum” by Leo in 1891
An encyclical letter by Pope Leo XIII
•Private property is a natural right…FOR ALL
•The state has has a responsibility to protect the poor
•When parties of unequal power negotiate, the weaker party must accept low, unjust pay. So workers have the right to band together. If negotiations fail, the state should intervene.
Pope John XXIII
A compromise pope who surprised everyone by calling Vatican II to “let in a bit of fresh air.”
Vatican II
A council called by Pope John XXIII. It was unusual in that each bishop was encouraged to bring a peritus, Protestants were invited, Greek Orthodox were invited, and women were included in the process. It’s key document was “Lumen Gentium”
Peritus
An expert in theology
Ecumenism
The principle or aim of promoting unity among the world’s Christian churches. The “Decree on Ecumenism” from Vatican II called for friendly dialogue among all kinds of Christians
Liturgy
Worship service/”work of the people.” Vatican II’s “Decree on the Liturgy” says that the liturgy must include all the faithful.
“Lumen Gentium”
“Light of Nations.” The key document of Vatican II. Its main idea was that the church is the entire people of God (not just the Pope and priests)
“Gaudium et Spes”
“Joy and Hope.” Says that the church needs to be in touch with the new ideas and scientific breakthroughs of the modern age, and the church needs to speak to the ideas of the time, respectful of the even the questioning and anti-religious views of the day while, of course, proclaiming the good news that the church is called to share with mankind.
“Dei Verbum”
A decree from vatican 2, 1962; sets fourth those truths essential for salvation
Revelation
What is revealed; disclosure
Immanent
“Remaining within”
Anthropomorphism
Portraying God or an inanimate object as if it were human.
Blaise Pascal
A mathematician and genius who had a religious conversion. He wrote “Pensees” and proposed the Wager: Bet your life and live as if the Christian God exists. All you risk is your miserable life. But if you win, you gain eternal life. Even if you were wrong, you still lived a moral life.
“Thoughts/’Pensees’”
Blaise Pascal wrote this. In it he said:
•All people find life miserable
•Some people try to wrestle with life’s problems, but most “cope” by attempting endless entertainment, which does not satisfy
•We are not capable of knowing the infinite. Such things as proofs of God’s existence don’t satisfy
Fides/pistis
Means faith/trust
Freud
Asserts that our belief in a fatherly deity comes from our anxiety, we deserve a fatherly deity so we can feel secure
Id
One of the three parts of the mind, according to Freud. The id is the primitive, desiring part. When the id cannot get what it wants, it fantasizes a substitute. Faced with anxiety, the id fantasizes a loving, fatherly God–a security blanket.
Ego
One of the three parts of the mind, according to Freud. The ego is the reasoning part.
Super-ego
One of the three parts of the mind, according to Freud. The super-ego is the learned ideas by which we reason.
Comte’s theory of history
Comte said there are three stages of human development:
- Theological/Fictitious Stage: Primitive man made up stories about God/gods to explain what he doesn’t understand
- Metaphysical/Philosophical Stage: Aristotle and others used reason about ultimate causes to understand what we don’t know
- Positive/Scientific Stage: We now have positive, sure conclusions because we reason upon precise observation.
What does this imply? Having science, we no longer need religion or philosophy
Theism
Belief in (a) god
Atheism
Belief in no-god
Agnosticism
Not-knowing (about God)
Bernadette and Lourdes
Bernadette was a sickly young girl who lived in Lourdes. She saw a woman who identified herself as the “Immaculate Conception”. Bernadette had half a conversation and then dug at the base of a cliff. A spring gushed up where there had not been water before. Now pilgrims visit Lourdes and spring to be healed.
Sacred Heart
Sacred heart the heart of christ, especially as represented in an image and regarded as an object of devotion among Catholics
Rosary
A form of devotion in which 5 or 15 decades of Hail Marys are repeated, each decade preceded by an Our Father and followed by a Glory Be
Liminality
Putting up boundaries
Mormons/Latter-Day Saints
Started by Joseph Smith. They go on missions around age 18. The Book of Mormon is said to have been translated by Joseph Smith.
Joseph Smith
Founded the Mormons. He is said to have translated the Book of Mormon
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Founded in 1872 by Charles Taze Russell. They go door to door preaching. They emphasize the Book of Revelation: the end times
7th Day Adventists
Begun by Ellen White and others. They recognize the Saturday Sabbath
Fundamentalism
The belief that the truths of Christianity can only be conserved if Christians believe that the scriptures are literally and historically accurate in every way
Inerrant
Without error
Genre
Literary form
Millenium
1,000 years in which Christ and those who were beheaded for their witness rule. Only they are in the first resurrection.
Brimstone
Another word for sulphur
Jezebel
An Old-Testament name used in Revelation to describe a false prophetess who plays the harlot and eats meat sacrificed to the idols.
4 horsemen
In Revelation, God sends four horsemen representing death, war, plague, and famine.
Woman clothed with the sun
In Revelation, a woman “clothed with the sun” labors to give birth, while a red dragon prepares to devour the child. She is taken away to the desert to be safe. Catholics think she is Mary, others say she is a symbol for the church or for faith.
Alpha and Omega
A name for God used in Revelation which means: the almighty from the start to end ; the first and last.
Michael the Archangel
In Revelation, Michael the Archangel and his angels defeat Satan and his angels, then Satan falls to earth.
Beast
In Revelation, the “Beast” comes to power. He has 7 heads, one of which is mortally wounded. People worship the Beast. The Beast’s number is 666. Everyone has the number on their foreheads to buy and sell things.
Witness
Comes from the word “martus,” or martyr
Apocalyptic
A genre meant to encourage and comfort downtrodden faithful people using strange images and symbolic numbers.
“Apocalupsis”
Means “revelation” or “vision.”
Whore of Babylon
In Revelation, the Whore of Babylon rides a scarlet beast and she is drunk on the blood of the martyrs/witnesses. The symbolic name is “Babylon” and stands for a city with seven hills (Rome)
Armageddon
The final battlefield in Revelation
Prophecy
A literary genre/prediction of the future
The dragon
Is a symbol for Satan in Revelation
Cloister
Living behind walls to symbolize being separated from the world
D.F. Strauss’ “Life of Jesus”
In this book, Strauss rejected all supernatural elements of the gospels and claimed that Jesus was just a wise Jewish teacher who was killed by the Romans
1 Corinthians 12:1-11
There is one Spirit, but many gifts of the Holy Spirit, all given by God; the gifts are wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, prophecy
1 Corinthians 12:12-26
The Church is like a body with many parts. If one part suffers, every part suffers with it; if one part is honored, every part rejoices with it.
1 Corinthians 13
Love is patient, love is kind….And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love….God is love
1 John 4
Test the spirits. If the spirit acknowledges that Jesus came in the flesh, it is of God, and if not, it is the spirit of the Antichrist……Love comes from God. Since God so loved us, we also ought to love one another.
1 Corinthians 5
How should Christians live in the world? You can’t avoid all immoral people—you’d have to leave the world. But avoid immoral people who call themselves brothers.
Revelation 3
The author of Revelation says to the church of Laodicea, “How I wish you were hot or cold (of faith)! Since you are lukewarm, I spit you out!”
Revelation 2
The author of Revelation praises the Church of Ephesus for their works and “patient endurance”, and he likes that they don’t tolerate false apostles like the Nicolatians. He is disappointed, though, that they have lost the love they had before.
Revelation 7
The followers of God are given a seal so they won’t be hurt: 144,000 who have “washed their robes white with the blood of the Lamb”
Revelation 20
Satan is thrown into the abyss and chained in the pit of sulfur/brimstone for 1,000 years. 1,000 years in which Christ and those who were beheaded for their witness rule. Only they are in the first resurrection.
Jeremiah 1:4-10
God tells Jeremiah that before he was even in the womb, God chose him as a prophet, Jeremiah opposes and says he’s too young and doesn’t speak well, God touches his lips and says “I put the words in your mouth”
1 Kings 19
- Elijah falls beneath a broom tree and prays for death
- God’s Angel gives him water and barley-cake and tells him to go to Horeb
- At Horeb: God-“Why are you here?” Elijah-“I’ve been most zealous…Israelites have left God…I’m the only one left.” God-“Go out and wait for The Lord.”
- Wind, earthquake, fire. None are The Lord. A tiny whisper/breeze, Elijah covers his face
- God-“Why are you here?” Elijah-“I’ve been most zealous…Israelites have left God…I’m the only one left.”
- God tells Elijah to anoint Hazael King and anoint Elisha as the new prophet, meaning Elijah gets to rest.
Exodus 2-4
- Moses sees an Egyptian bullying a Hebrew, and kills him
- Moses helps women water their flock after shepherds drove them away
- God hears the groanings of the Hebrews and remembers his covenant
- Moses sees burning bush
- Moses hides his face, he knows he is in God’s presence
- God tells Moses, “Come now! You must go to Pharaoh to lead my people out of Egypt.”
- Moses asks, “who am I to do that? What if they don’t believe me?”
- God turns a staff into a snake and back.
- Moses asks God not to send him because he isn’t a good speaker.
- God becomes angry and says that Moses’s brother Aaron will help him because he is a good speaker.
John 21
- Disciples on the beach of the Sea of Galilee, decide to go fishing
- Fish all night, catch nothing
- They see Jesus on shore, but don’t recognize him. He tells them where to throw their nets.
- They catch a buncha fish
- “It is The Lord.”
- Peter jumps in and swims to Jesus
- Jesus has a fire and is cooking fish.
- Jesus asks Peter 3x, “Do you love me? Take care of my sheep.”
John 20:1-19
- Mary Magdalene goes to Jesus’ tomb. He is gone. -She goes to Simon Peter and another disciple and tells them. They go running to see for themselves.
- Mary is crying. A man (Jesus) asks why. She says, “They have taken my Lord and I don’t know where they put him.”
- She thinks he is a gardener, until he says “Mary.” Then she realizes it’s him.
- He tells her not to hold on to him, but to go tell the disciples.
John 20:24-29
- Jesus appears to his disciples in a room in Jerusalem. “Peace be with you.”
- He breathes on them and gives them the Holy Spirit and the ability to forgive.
- Thomas shows up later and says he won’t believe unless he can touch Jesus’ wounds.
- Jesus lets him.
- “Blessed are those who have not seen, yet still believe.”
Luke 24
- 2 disciples are traveling to Emmasus on Easter Sunday.
- Jesus appears to them and starts talking to them.
- They don’t recognize Jesus until he blesses and breaks the bread
- “You will recognize him in the breaking of the bread”
Genesis 4:7
- Adam and Eve have Cain and Abel
- Cain gives God offerings of the fruit of the land, Abel gives God offerings of fat from the firstborn of his flock. God looks with favor on Abel’s offerings.
- Cain is jealous, God asks, “Why are you downcast and resentful? if you deal with this,you can hold your head high; but if you don’t, sin is like a demon crouching at your door.”
- Cain kills Abel
- God asks Cain, “Where is your brother Abel?” “I don’t know, am I my brother’s keeper?”
- God knew all along what Cain did. “Your brother’s blood cries out to me from the ground.”
- God puts a curse on Cain
What are 2 things which the 4 Gospels agree upon with respect to the burial of Jesus?
- One of the people who buried him was Joseph of Arimathea.
- Jesus was buried in a stone tomb.
What are 2 things which the 4 Gospels agree upon with respect to the finding of the empty tomb?
- Mary Magdalene was there
- They were given some sort of evidence that Jesus was gone (man in white/angel/2 men in shining clothes/cloth and linens)
What is one thing which the 4 Gospels do not agree upon regarding Jesus’ death/burial/empty tomb
They disagree about who was with Mary Magdalene when she found the empty tomb.
What are we being taught in Luke 24?
We will recognize Jesus in the breaking of the bread.
What are we being taught in John 20?
When you see Jesus, you will be given a mission
What are we being taught in John 20?
We are blessed because we have not seen Jesus for ourselves, but we still believe.
List four of the guidelines for interpretation of Scripture from Vatican II’s Dei Verbum
- Have regard for literary forms (genre)
- Know the historical situation and the culture at the time of writing
- Pay attention to common ways of perceiving, speaking, and narrating at the time
- Know the customs of the time—how people related to one another
What are the 4 stages of reconciliation? As in the case of Rodrigo Mendiza in “The Mission”
- Confession: Mendoza told Father Gabriel that he had murdered his brother
- Penance: Mendoza carried a large, heavy bundle of the armor and weapons he had used to enslave people and kill his brother to the top of the falls, where the Guarini people lived.
- Contrition: Mendoza reaches the top of the falls to the Guarini’s home and must look in the faces of people whose family and friends he had killed or enslaved.
- Absolution: Mendoza is symbolically absolved when the Guarini man cuts the rope that bound him to his sin.
What 3 basic Protestant ideas were proposed by Luther in his 3 essays from 1520?
- Justification by faith alone (we are saved by our faith, not good works) was presented in “Freedom of the Christian”
- Priesthood of believers (we are all priests in faith) and the idea of only two sacraments (Baptism and Eucharist) were presented in “Babylonian Captivity of the Church”
- Sola scriptura (scripture alone is the source of our Christian beliefs) was presented in “Address to the German Nobility”
3 ways in which Calvinist/Zwinglian Sunday worship differs from that of Catholics/Orthodox/Lutheran/Episcopalian
Calvinist/Zwinglian:
- SYMBOLIC presence in the bread and wine
- Word service only with emphasis on the sermon
- Bare churches
Catholic/Orthodox, etc.
- REAL presence of Christ in the Eucharist
- Two part service (Liturgy of the Word & Liturgy of the Eucharist)
- Ornate churches
What is a Jesuit examen? Meaning of discernment? What in particular are we separating out? What are the two assumptions?
A Jesuit examen calls us to examine our actions, thoughts, remarks, and feelings each day. Discernment is separating and distinguishing these, feelings in particular, so you can ask, what is God telling me that I need to know? Jesuit teaching about discernment makes two assumptions: God is immanent (remaining within) and God cares/is engaged in our lives.
4 ideas associated with Pascal’s Wager
- Life is finite and we don’t understand the infinite
- People try to distract themselves from life’s problems, which doesn’t satisfy
- Life is short and miserable
- Bet your life and live like God exists. If you win, you gain eternal life, if you lose, at least you lived morally
2 key ideas of political liberalism
Civil rights and representative government
List 3 things done to the Catholic Church by the French Revelation
- Church lands were confiscated
- Priests and bishops were made government employees
- Many priests were executed
4 guidelines from Vatican II to encourage lay participation in Sunday liturgy
- Mass is in the vernacular
- Priest faces the people so mass is a dialogue
- Architectural guidelines encourages the idea that we are all at the table of The Lord
- Lay people serve as ministers/lectors/etc.
- Cantors and choirs lead the people in singing the prayers
List 5 of the 9 Gifts of the Holy Spirit
Love, joy, peace, kindness, goodness
In Revelation, what were 2 great evils for Christians to avoid?
Eating food sacrificed to false gods; belief in false prophets
In Revelation, what are 2 of the best attitudes/practices for Christians to adopt?
Martyrdom; love
When Rick was trying to explain how he had escaped lightning in the Cascades, what were the class’ four popular explanations? What’s yours, and why?
- It was luck/random
- God intervened
- Fate/destiny/”Not their time to die”
- Rick’s instinct/6th sense
