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Biology > selective breeding, cloning and genetic engineering (paper 2) > Flashcards

selective breeding, cloning and genetic engineering (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what else is selective breeding known as

A

artificial selection

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2
Q

define selective breeding

A

the process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular characteristics

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3
Q

what does selective breeding ensure

A

that the genes for the chosen specific characteristic remain in the population

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4
Q

how long have humans been doing selective breeding

A

thousands of years

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5
Q

give some examples of desired characteristics

A
  • disease resistant crops
  • animals that produce more meat or milk
  • domestic animals with a gentle temperment
  • large or unusual flowers
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6
Q

what does selective breeding provide evidence for

A

evolution - shows how significant variation is in a (relatively) short period

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7
Q

describe the process of selective breeding

A
  • select parents with desirable characteristics
  • breed together
  • select offspring with desirable traits and breed again
  • over many generations
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8
Q

what are the three main problems with selective breeding

A
  • leads to reduction in the gene pool
  • inbreeding results in health problems
  • new diseases and defects can occur
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9
Q

explain how reduction of the gene pool is an issue from selective breeding

A
  • reduces the number of alleles in the population as chacateristics aren’t chosen
  • if conditions change and new characteristics are needed = problem from lack of variation, cannot cope with change
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10
Q

explain how inbreeding is an issue from selective breeding

A
  • results in very little variation in the population
  • can cause inherited defects to be passedd through to offspring
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11
Q

explain how new dieases and defects can occur from selective breeding

A
  • due to reduced genetic variation in a population
  • certain disadvantageous alleles are more common
  • organisms struggle to cope with diseases
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12
Q

what is meant by the term genetic engineering

A

the process involving modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give it a desried characteristc

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13
Q

how have plant crops been genetically engineered

A

to be resistant to diseases or to produce bigger better fruits

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14
Q

how have bacterial cells been genetically engineered

A

to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes

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15
Q

what are organisms which have been given genes from other organisms called

A

transgenic

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16
Q

descirbe the process of genetic engineering

A
  • enzymes are used to isolate and ‘cut out’ the required gene from an organism
  • the gene is then inserted into a vector (plasmid or vector) using more enzymes
  • the vector is then used to insert the gene into the required cells
  • genes are transferred to the cell at an early stage of development
  • as the organism grows it developes with the new desired characteristics from the other organism
17
Q

give an example of genetic engineering

A
  • jellyfish gene to make crop glow when lacking water
  • GM plants are more resistant to herbicides
18
Q

what are the benefits of genetically modified organisms

A
  • nutritional value of crops are improved
  • increased crop yield helps global food security
  • crops have longer shelf life
  • crops are resistant to herbicides so fields can be treated
19
Q

what are the risks and issues with genetically modified organisms

A
  • new trains could cause health reactions
  • concerns in decreasing biodiversity
  • cross polination with non-GM crops = weeds
  • we do not know the long term effects
  • risk increase in allergies
  • infertility can spread to wild crops
20
Q

what is a clone

A

an individual that has been produced asexually and is genetically identical to the parent

21
Q

how do you clone plants

A

taking cuttings

22
Q

what is cutting in cloning plants

A

a form of asexual reproduction that has been carried out for hundreds of years

23
Q

what is a more modern version of cuttings from plants

A

tissue culture, it is more expensive but allows you to make thousands of new plants from one small tissue

24
Q

explain how plant cloning works (tissue culture)

A
  • use a mixture of plant hormones to make a small group of cells from the plant you want to clone
  • they then go on to produce a big mass of identical plant cells called a callus
  • then useing a different mixtur eof hormones or conditions, you can stimulate each of these cells to form a small new plant
  • guarenteing thousands of offspring with the desired characteristics
25
Q

explain how plant cloning works (cuttings)

A
  • small tissue sample taken from parent plant
  • tissue is grown in agar with nutrients and plant hormones
  • tiny identicle plantlets are formed
  • plantlets grow on
26
Q

describe embryo cloning in animals

A
  • give fertility hormones to a top-quality cow so she produces many eggs
  • fertilise these eggs using sperm from a really good bull
  • these zygotes are then split into several embryos
  • each embryo is transplanted into a host surrogate mothers
  • the calves are born and genetically identical to their parents (not the surrogate mother)
27
Q

what is adult cell cloning

A

when a whole new whole animal is produced from the cells of one singular other adult animal

28
Q

describe adult cell cloning

A
  • the nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell (enucleated)
  • at the same time the nucleus is taken from the adult body cell (eg skin cell) of the same species
  • the nucleus from the adult cell is inserted into the empty egg cell
  • the new egg cell is given a small electric shock to stimulate the dividing to form an embryo
  • when the embryo has developed it is inserted into the uterus of an adult female and continues to develope
  • when born it is genetically identical to the animal which nucleus was used
29
Q

what is the name of the first large mammel to be adult cell cloned

A

dolly the sheep in 1996

30
Q

what is the controversy around cloning - positive and negative

A

+ rare plants might be saved
+ allows mass production of genetically identicle offspring
+ can be quick
- reduction in gene pool
- morally wrong, organisms cannot consent
- may be used to clone humans

31
Q

give two examples how genetic engineering has been use to treat human diseases

A
  • insulin has been developed to treat diabetes
  • engineer organisms to ave diseases so we learn how to treat them

Biology (16 decks)

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