Respiration TOPIC 4 Flashcards
what are the two types of respiration
- aerobic
- anaerobic
define respiration
the process of treansferring energy from glucose to other molecules
describe the respiration basically
a series of exothermic reactions ocuring continuously in all living cells
Where does most respiration take place
inside the mitochondria
for aerobic repsiration what must be present
oxygen
what is the main purpose of repiration
energy release
what is the word equation for respiration
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
what is the chemical equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H20
what do organisms need energy for
- chemical reactions to build larger molecules from smaller ones
- to enable the mucles to contract
- to maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings
- move mineral ions from the soil into the root hair cells
what are the waste products of respiration
- carbon dioxide
- water
what is respiration controlled by
different enzymes - biological catalysts
what does the number of mitochondria in a cell tell you
how active the cell is
how are the mitochrondria adapted for aerobic respiration
have a folded inner membrane to provide a larger surface area for the enzymes involved
what do muscles store glucose as
the carbohydrate glycogen
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose -> lactic acid
which produces more energy: anaerobic or aerobic respriation
aerobic
when does anaerobic respiration occur
when there is insufficient oxygen avaliable to meet the oxygen demand
state 4 differences between the two ways to respire
- less energy is released by anaerobic
- no oxygen is used in anaerobic
- lactic acid is formed as a waste product in anaerobic respiration
- no carbon dioxide is produced in anaerobic respiration
when does muscle fatigue occur and why
when lactic acid builds up in the muscles as a result of an oxygen debt - causing the muscle to stop contracting efficiently
what happens to lactic acid once the oxygen debt is payed
- lactic acid diffuses out of muscles into the plasma
- plasma carries it to the liver
- liver converts 1/5 to glucose and 4/5 to glycogen
- glycogen is stored in muscle cell for future use
do animals and palnts anaerobically respire the same
no
what is the word equation for fermentation (anaeroic in plants)
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
when may plants need to respire anaerobically
- if the soil is waterlogged
- no access to carbon dioxide
what changes occur in the body during exercise
- heart rate increases
- breathing rate increases
- depth of breathing increases
- vasodilation of arterioles supplying skeletal muscles and surface of the skin occurs
what does the build up of lactic acid result in
- muscle fatigue
- an oxygen debt
why are there changes in our bodies when we exercise
- supply more oxygen to skeletal muscles
- supply more glucose to skeletal muscles
- remove more CO2 from musclces
- remove more lactic acid from muscles
- remove more heat from muscles
what is the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called
fermentation
how can fermentation be used in manufacturing
- bread making
- making alcoholic drinks
how is fermentation used in bread making
- the bubble of CO2 get trapped in the dough
- cause dough to rise
- ethanol evaporates when bread is baked
how iis fermentation used in alcoholic drinks
- the ethanol makes wine and beer alcoholic
is anaerobic respiration important economically
yes
name a molecule made from glucose in plants
- startch
- cellulose
name a molecule made from glucose in animals
- glycogen
describe the components of a lipid molecule
glycerol + three fatty acids
describe how protein molecules are formed
- glucose combines with nitrate ions
- form amino acids
- combine to form proteins
what are carbohydates broken down into
simple sugars
what are proteins broken down into
amino acids
what are lipids broken down into
fatty acids + glycerol
describe how glucose from the small intestine is moved to a muscle cell
- glucose is absorbed into bloodstream
- glucose is carried to muscles via blood
why does less respiration take place anaerobically
the glucose is not completely oxidised
what does lime water test for
carbon dioxide
which organism is used to produced ethanol in plants
yeast
where is lactic acid converted back to glucose
the liver
what substance controls all chemical reactions in organsims
enzymes
