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Biology > Respiration TOPIC 4 > Flashcards

Respiration TOPIC 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of respiration

A
  • aerobic
  • anaerobic
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2
Q

define respiration

A

the process of treansferring energy from glucose to other molecules

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3
Q

describe the respiration basically

A

a series of exothermic reactions ocuring continuously in all living cells

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4
Q

Where does most respiration take place

A

inside the mitochondria

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5
Q

for aerobic repsiration what must be present

A

oxygen

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6
Q

what is the main purpose of repiration

A

energy release

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7
Q

what is the word equation for respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

what is the chemical equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H20

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9
Q

what do organisms need energy for

A
  • chemical reactions to build larger molecules from smaller ones
  • to enable the mucles to contract
  • to maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings
  • move mineral ions from the soil into the root hair cells
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10
Q

what are the waste products of respiration

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • water
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11
Q

what is respiration controlled by

A

different enzymes - biological catalysts

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12
Q

what does the number of mitochondria in a cell tell you

A

how active the cell is

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13
Q

how are the mitochrondria adapted for aerobic respiration

A

have a folded inner membrane to provide a larger surface area for the enzymes involved

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14
Q

what do muscles store glucose as

A

the carbohydrate glycogen

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15
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose -> lactic acid

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16
Q

which produces more energy: anaerobic or aerobic respriation

A

aerobic

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17
Q

when does anaerobic respiration occur

A

when there is insufficient oxygen avaliable to meet the oxygen demand

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18
Q

state 4 differences between the two ways to respire

A
  • less energy is released by anaerobic
  • no oxygen is used in anaerobic
  • lactic acid is formed as a waste product in anaerobic respiration
  • no carbon dioxide is produced in anaerobic respiration
19
Q

when does muscle fatigue occur and why

A

when lactic acid builds up in the muscles as a result of an oxygen debt - causing the muscle to stop contracting efficiently

20
Q

what happens to lactic acid once the oxygen debt is payed

A
  • lactic acid diffuses out of muscles into the plasma
  • plasma carries it to the liver
  • liver converts 1/5 to glucose and 4/5 to glycogen
  • glycogen is stored in muscle cell for future use
21
Q

do animals and palnts anaerobically respire the same

A

no

22
Q

what is the word equation for fermentation (anaeroic in plants)

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

23
Q

when may plants need to respire anaerobically

A
  • if the soil is waterlogged
  • no access to carbon dioxide
24
Q

what changes occur in the body during exercise

A
  • heart rate increases
  • breathing rate increases
  • depth of breathing increases
  • vasodilation of arterioles supplying skeletal muscles and surface of the skin occurs
25
Q

what does the build up of lactic acid result in

A
  • muscle fatigue
  • an oxygen debt
26
Q

why are there changes in our bodies when we exercise

A
  • supply more oxygen to skeletal muscles
  • supply more glucose to skeletal muscles
  • remove more CO2 from musclces
  • remove more lactic acid from muscles
  • remove more heat from muscles
27
Q

what is the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called

A

fermentation

28
Q

how can fermentation be used in manufacturing

A
  • bread making
  • making alcoholic drinks
29
Q

how is fermentation used in bread making

A
  • the bubble of CO2 get trapped in the dough
  • cause dough to rise
  • ethanol evaporates when bread is baked
30
Q

how iis fermentation used in alcoholic drinks

A
  • the ethanol makes wine and beer alcoholic
31
Q

is anaerobic respiration important economically

A

yes

32
Q

name a molecule made from glucose in plants

A
  • startch
  • cellulose
33
Q

name a molecule made from glucose in animals

A
  • glycogen
34
Q

describe the components of a lipid molecule

A

glycerol + three fatty acids

35
Q

describe how protein molecules are formed

A
  • glucose combines with nitrate ions
  • form amino acids
  • combine to form proteins
36
Q

what are carbohydates broken down into

A

simple sugars

37
Q

what are proteins broken down into

A

amino acids

38
Q

what are lipids broken down into

A

fatty acids + glycerol

39
Q

describe how glucose from the small intestine is moved to a muscle cell

A
  • glucose is absorbed into bloodstream
  • glucose is carried to muscles via blood
40
Q

why does less respiration take place anaerobically

A

the glucose is not completely oxidised

41
Q

what does lime water test for

A

carbon dioxide

42
Q

which organism is used to produced ethanol in plants

A

yeast

43
Q

where is lactic acid converted back to glucose

A

the liver

44
Q

what substance controls all chemical reactions in organsims

A

enzymes

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