Hormonal co-ordination in animals TOPIC 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the endocrine system made up of
A
glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
2
Q
What are hormones
A
chemicas which control the way in which parts of the body work and are transported to their target organs in the bloodstream
3
Q
what are the hormones in this topic
A
- insulin = pancreas
- adrenaline = adrenal glands
- FSH = pituitary gland
- LH = pituitary gland
- testosterone = testes
- oestrogen = ovaries
- thyroxin = thyroid glands
- ADH = pituitary gland
4
Q
why is glucose important
A
for respiration
5
Q
what are the two hormones which are involved in glucose regulation
A
- insulin
- glucagon
6
Q
where are insulin and glucagon released from and where does it go
A
the pancreas to the liver
7
Q
when is insulin released
A
when the glucose level is too high
8
Q
what is the effect of insulin on the liver
A
liver converts glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver and skeletal muslces so the glucose is removed from the blood
9
Q
when is glucagon released
A
when the glucose levels are too low
10
Q
what is the effect of glucagon on the liver
A
liver converts glycogen to glucose so glucose is released into the blood
11
Q
what mechanism keeps blood glucose levels constant
A
negative feedback
12
Q
describe negative feedback
A
- when the internal factor rises above the normal level, the body lowers the factor
- when the internal factor falls below the normal level, the body raises the factor
13
Q
what happens if your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin
A
you get type 1 diabetes
14
Q
what is diabetes
A
when you don’t produce enough insulin so you blood glucose level gets very high and you excrete glucose in your urine
15
Q
what are the impacts of diabetes
A
- feel very thirsty
- lack energy & feel tired
- lose weight
16
Q
when does type two diabetes get more common
A
- people get older
- people get obese
- lacking exercise
17
Q
what may well-managed diabetes cause problems with even still
A
the cirulatory system
- kidneys
- eyesight
18
Q
How do you treat type 1 diabetes
A
you have to take replacement insulin before meals as an injection
19
Q
what must you bear in mind if you have type 1 diabetes
A
- carbohydrate levels you eat
- regualr meals
- exercise
20
Q
how is water taken into the body
A
through ingesting food and drink
21
Q
how does water leave the body
A
- via the lungs in exhalation
- from the skin in sweat
22
Q
what is removed by the kidneys
A
- excess water
- excess ions
- urea
23
Q
what do the kidneys do with glucose
A
they reabsorb all the glucose to return it to the blood plasma
24
Q
what is the function fo the kidneys
A
to produce urine by filtration and selective reabsorbtion of useful substances suh as glucose, some ions and water
25
what happens if the bdy cells gain or lose too much water
they do not function properly
26
how is the water concerntration maintained at a constant level
by nnegative feedback involving the hormone ADH
27
where is the ADH secreted from
pituitary gland
28
why may the kidneys fail
- can be damaged or destroyed by infection
- fail due to genetic problems
- damaged due to an accident
29
what cna untreated failure to both kidneys leadd to
death
30
how can kidney failure be treated
- dialysis = the function is carried out artificially
- kidney transplant = failed replaced with healthy one
31
what happens in a dialysis machine
the kidney machine consists of a partially permeable membrane that seperates the arterial blood from a dialysis fluid. The blood and dialysis fluid are constantly circulated through the machine.
32
what are the tiny tubes in the kidney called
nephrons
33
what is the process in which removes the amino groupd from amino acids
deamination
34
where does deamination occur
the liver
35
what does deamination form
ammonia, which is then immediately converted into urea
36
where is urine stored in the body
the bladder
37
if you are dehydrated what is the concerntration of your urea in the urine like
highly concerntrated
38
what happens if the water content is too high in the plasma
less ADH is secreted
- decreasing the permeablity of the kidney tubules
- less water is reabsorbed
- greater volume of urine is produced
39
what cautions do people on dialysis have to take
- control their protein intake = urea levels low
- control salt intake = cannot remove excess mineral ions
- may feel tired or unwell before sessions
- regular long sessions
40
decribe the process of dialysis
- blood leaves arm through artery
- blood passed through a pump (maintain pressure)
- anticoagulants addded to prevent clotting
- thinned blood enters machine
- blood passes over dialysis membrane
- fluid flows in opposite direction to blood
- waste materials removed (diffuse down gradient)
- glucose not removed
- filtered blood flows through bubble trap
- filtered blood returned to vein
41
what is the main problem with a donor kidney
kidney has different antigens on cell sruface to the recipients - antibodies will attack the antigens on the donor organ = rejection and destruction
42
how do you reduce the risk of rejection of a donor kidney
- do a tissue match so the anigens are similar
- take immunosuppresant drugs for the rest of life
43
what is the disadvantage of immunosuppresants
they revent the patiens from dealing effectively wiht infectious diseases, will havae to take great care when falling ill
44
what are the advantages of a transplant
- can lead a normal life with no regular trips to the hospital
- long term cost is low
- good success rate
45
what are the disadvantages of a transplant
- take immunosuppresants for life
- repeated after 10 years
- shortage in donors
- tissue matching is essencial
- must be transplanted within 12 hours
- irradiation of bone marror must occur
46
what are the hormones in the mentrual cycle
- FSH = pituitary
- Oestrogen = ovaries
- LH = pituitary
- Progesterone = ovaries
47
what is the average length of the mentrual cycle
28days
48
what does FSH do
- matures the eggs in the ovaries
- stimulates the production of oestrogen
49
what does oestrogen do
- stimulates the lining of the urterus to thivken adter menstruation
- inhibit the production of FSH
- sitmulate the production of LH
50
what does LH do
- stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovary
- levels will fall after ovulation
51
when is progesterone secreted
by the empty eggg follicle in the ovary after ovulation
52
what does prgesterone do
- helps maintain a preganancy is egg fertilised
- inhibits both FSH and LH
- maintains lining of the uterus so it is ready to recieve a developing embryo
53
how many stages of the mentrual cycle are there
4 : day1, 4, 14, 28
54
desribe the mentrual cycle
- day 1 = uterus lining breaks down
- day 4 = lining builds up again
- day 14 = an egg is released (lasts 3 days)
- day 28 = lining stays thick awaiting fertilised egg, if not cycle repeats
55
when is the folicular phase of the mentural cycle
day 1 - 14(ovulation)
56
when is the iuteal phase
day 14 - 28 (awaiting ferilisation)
57
what are the oral cotraception methods
- oestrogen pill
- progesterone pill
- combined pill
58
what are the tempory methods of contraception
- patches
- injection
- implant
59
what are the barrier methods of contraception
- condoms
- femidoms
- diaphram
60
what are the intrauterine methods of contraception
- progesterone IUDs
- copper IUDs
61
what are natural methods of contraception
- rythem method
- adstainence
62
what are the surgical methods of contraception
- tubal ligation
- vasectromy
63
what is a vasectomy
the cutting of the sperm ducts to lrevent ejacualation of sperm
64
what are the types of fertility treatments
- hormone treatment
- in vitro fertilitsation
65
how does a hormone treatment work
FSH and LH are given to women with low fertality to stimulate ovulation
66
what are the benefits and disadvantages of the hormone treatments for infertality
+increases the chnace of pregnancy
-not always successful = expensive
-lead to women producing more than one egg at ovulation = risk of multiple births
67
how does in vitro fertillisation work
- woman given FSH & LH to produce mature eggs
- eggs collected from ovary
- sperm collected from male on same day
- sperm injected into mature egg in lab
- embryos develop and transferred into uterus
68
when does in vitro fertillisation take place
- woman has blocked fallopian tubes
- male sperm count or motility is low
69
what are the benefits and disadvantages of in vitro fertillisation
+inreases chance of infertile cpupble giving birth
-multiple births can occur
-success rate is very low (26%)
-stressful procedure
-can experience side effects
70
where is thyroxine produced
the thyroid gland
71
what does thyroxine do
control cell metabolism
72
what controls thyroxine levels
negative feedback
73
describe the negative feedback for thyroxine
as levels of thyroxine increase in the bloodstream TSH is inhibited
74
what does TSH do
stimulate the production of thyroxine by the thyroid gland
75
where is adrenaline produced
the adrenal glands
76
what controls the levels of adrenaline
positive feedback = further enhanced changes are further changed in the same direction
77
what are the effects of adrenaline
- heart rate and breathing rate increases
- stored glycogen converted to glucose for respiration
- mental awareness increased
- blood diverted away from digestive system to the muscles in limbs
78
what does adrenaline do
prepares body for fight or flight by boosting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles
79
does adrenaline involve negative feedback
no
