Health and Disease TOPIC 3 Flashcards
what is health
health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing
what are the two types of diseases
communicable
non-communicable
What are non-communicable diseases
a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents. They can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly
What are communicable diseases
an infectious disease which can be transmitted form person to person
How can comunicable diseases be trasmitted
- direct contact with an affected individual
- an indivisuals discharges (droplets when sneezing)
- indirectly via a vector
what is a risk factor
something that increases the chance of a person having or developing a disease
What are the two catogries of risk factors
- aspects of a person’s lifestyle
- substances in the person’s body or environment
What is a casual mechanism
one risk factor that may be partly responsible for a disease
how can age be a risk factor
older age can result in a weakened immune system
how can gender be a risk factor
some diseases are more common in on gender than the other
how can your diet be a risk factor
unhealthy diets can lead to affected blood pressure and stress levels as well as weaker bones and immune systems
How cna an occupation be a risk factor
some jobs have higher exposure to certain illnesses or chemicals
how can someones local environment be a risk factor
from chemical pollution in water you drink or air pollution form burning fossil fuels
how can the spread of most diseases be reduced or prevented
- simple hygiene (washing hands)
- destroying vectors
- isolation of infected individuals
- vaccination
is a correlation the same as a casual mechanism
no
what is a correlation
a link between two or more things
are cancers non-communicable
yes
What are tumours
a mass of cells fromed by cells dividing in an uncontrollable way
What is it called when a tumour has spread to another part of the body
metastasis
what are cancers caused by
tumours
what are the types of tumours
- benign
- malignant
Why have cancer survival rates increased
- increased medical research
- imporved medical treatment
- improved diagnostic methods
- increased screening for some cancers
What are benign tumours
non-cancerous tumours which grow slowly until there is no more space for any more cells, whilst staying in the same place and not invading other tissues
do benign tumours invade other tissues
no
are benign tumours cancerous
no
at what rate and when until do benign tumours grow
slowly until there is not more space for any more cells
What are malignant tumours
cancerous tumours which grow quickly, invading neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood forming secondary tumours
what are secondary tumours
a metastasis - when cells from a malignant tumour spread to different body parts
are malignant tumours cancerous
yes
hwo do malignant tumours spread
via the blood
What are pathogens
microorganisms that cause infecious diseases
What are the four types of pathogens
- viruses
- bacteria
- protists
- fungi
what are the things bacteria produces and what do they do
bacteria produces toxins which damage cells and tissues
does bacteria reproduce rapidly
yes
Why are viruses classes as non-living
becuase they cannot reproduce on their own as they need to use te organelles in their host cel
How do viruses work
they live and reproduce inside host cells
then the host cell ruptures (bursts) and releases new viral particles
how can pathogens be spread
- direct contact
- indirect contact
- contact with animals or insects
- contact with someone else’s blood
- contact with containated food or water
- sexual contact
How can bacterial diseases be treated
by administering antibiotics
Can antibiotics cure any disease
No - only bacterial
What is a symptom
any subjective evidence of a disease ~ something the person can feel (headaches, nausia)
what is a sign
any objective evidence of disease that can be detected using medical tests (high temperature or blood pressure)
What are the signs and symptoms of salmonella
- fever
- vomitting
- diarrhoea
How do you treat salmonella
replace lost fluids by staying hydrated or taking rehydraytion salts
How do you prevent gonorrhoea
using a barrier contraception (condom)
What are the signs and symptoms of gonorrhoea
women: unusual green/yellow discharge, pain when urinating, bleeding between periods
men: unusual green/yellow discharge, pain when urinating, inflammation of foreskin
What pathogen causes measles
a virus
How are measles spread
inhaling droplets from an infected persons sneezes or coughs
what are the signs and symptoms of measles
- fever
- rest skin rash
How can you prevent measles
getting vaccinated
What does HIV stand for
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
How is HIV spread
- sexual contact
- sharing contaminated needles
What does HIV lead to
AIDS
What are the signs and symptoms of HIV like
the flu
How do you treat HIV
taking antiretroviral drugs for the rest of their life to stop the virus replicating in thier host cells
How does HIV lead to AIDS
the virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s immune cells
What is the causative agent of malaria
a protist
what are the symptoms of malaria
- fever
- sweats and chills
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
How is malaria spread
- female mosquito feeds on blood of infected animal
- it ingests the gametes of the protist
- female mosquito then feeds on an uninfected animal
- female mosquito passes on saliva containing protist
- protist completes its life cycle in human’s liver
- protist reproduces cuasing liver cells to rupture
- protist then infects red blood cells
Why is malaria becoming harder to treat
becuase the protist is becoming resistant to the medical drugs used to treat malaria and there is no vaccine
How can you prevent malaria
- insect repelent
- mosquito nets
- vector control
What are the problems with insect repelent
- people forget to reapply them
- some mosquitoes may not be repelled with specific brands
What are the problems with mosquito nets
- not everyone has access
- some people don’t want to use them
What are the problems with vector control
- mosquitoes have become resistant to insecticides and pesticides
- chemicals used build up in food chains
- mosquitoes breed quickly
