Health and Disease TOPIC 3

Question 1

what is health

Answer 1

health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 2

what are the two types of diseases

Answer 2

communicable
non-communicable

Question 3

What are non-communicable diseases

Answer 3

a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents. They can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly

Question 4

What are communicable diseases

Answer 4

an infectious disease which can be transmitted form person to person

Question 5

How can comunicable diseases be trasmitted

Answer 5

• direct contact with an affected individual
• an indivisuals discharges (droplets when sneezing)
• indirectly via a vector

Question 6

what is a risk factor

Answer 6

something that increases the chance of a person having or developing a disease

Question 7

What are the two catogries of risk factors

Answer 7

• aspects of a person’s lifestyle
• substances in the person’s body or environment

Question 8

What is a casual mechanism

Answer 8

one risk factor that may be partly responsible for a disease

Question 9

how can age be a risk factor

Answer 9

older age can result in a weakened immune system

Question 10

how can gender be a risk factor

Answer 10

some diseases are more common in on gender than the other

Question 11

how can your diet be a risk factor

Answer 11

unhealthy diets can lead to affected blood pressure and stress levels as well as weaker bones and immune systems

Question 12

How cna an occupation be a risk factor

Answer 12

some jobs have higher exposure to certain illnesses or chemicals

Question 13

how can someones local environment be a risk factor

Answer 13

from chemical pollution in water you drink or air pollution form burning fossil fuels

Question 14

how can the spread of most diseases be reduced or prevented

Answer 14

• simple hygiene (washing hands)
• destroying vectors
• isolation of infected individuals
• vaccination

Question 15

is a correlation the same as a casual mechanism

Answer 15

no

Question 16

what is a correlation

Answer 16

a link between two or more things

Question 17

are cancers non-communicable

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

What are tumours

Answer 18

a mass of cells fromed by cells dividing in an uncontrollable way

Question 19

What is it called when a tumour has spread to another part of the body

Answer 19

metastasis

Question 20

what are cancers caused by

Answer 20

tumours

Question 21

what are the types of tumours

Answer 21

• benign
• malignant

Question 22

Why have cancer survival rates increased

Answer 22

• increased medical research
• imporved medical treatment
• improved diagnostic methods
• increased screening for some cancers

Question 23

What are benign tumours

Answer 23

non-cancerous tumours which grow slowly until there is no more space for any more cells, whilst staying in the same place and not invading other tissues

Question 24

do benign tumours invade other tissues

Answer 24

no

Question 25

are benign tumours cancerous

Answer 25

no

Question 26

at what rate and when until do benign tumours grow

Answer 26

slowly until there is not more space for any more cells

Question 27

What are malignant tumours

Answer 27

cancerous tumours which grow quickly, invading neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood forming secondary tumours

Question 28

what are secondary tumours

Answer 28

a metastasis - when cells from a malignant tumour spread to different body parts

Question 29

are malignant tumours cancerous

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

hwo do malignant tumours spread

Answer 30

via the blood

Question 31

What are pathogens

Answer 31

microorganisms that cause infecious diseases

Question 32

What are the four types of pathogens

Answer 32

- viruses - bacteria - protists - fungi

Question 33

what are the things bacteria produces and what do they do

Answer 33

bacteria produces toxins which damage cells and tissues

Question 34

does bacteria reproduce rapidly

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

Why are viruses classes as non-living

Answer 35

becuase they cannot reproduce on their own as they need to use te organelles in their host cel

Question 36

How do viruses work

Answer 36

they live and reproduce inside host cells then the host cell ruptures (bursts) and releases new viral particles

Question 37

how can pathogens be spread

Answer 37

- direct contact - indirect contact - contact with animals or insects - contact with someone else's blood - contact with containated food or water - sexual contact

Question 38

How can bacterial diseases be treated

Answer 38

by administering antibiotics

Question 39

Can antibiotics cure any disease

Answer 39

No - only bacterial

Question 40

What is a symptom

Answer 40

any subjective evidence of a disease ~ something the person can feel (headaches, nausia)

Question 41

what is a sign

Answer 41

any objective evidence of disease that can be detected using medical tests (high temperature or blood pressure)

Question 42

What are the signs and symptoms of salmonella

Answer 42

- fever - vomitting - diarrhoea

Question 43

How do you treat salmonella

Answer 43

replace lost fluids by staying hydrated or taking rehydraytion salts

Question 44

How do you prevent gonorrhoea

Answer 44

using a barrier contraception (condom)

Question 45

What are the signs and symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 45

women: unusual green/yellow discharge, pain when urinating, bleeding between periods men: unusual green/yellow discharge, pain when urinating, inflammation of foreskin

Question 46

What pathogen causes measles

Answer 46

a virus

Question 47

How are measles spread

Answer 47

inhaling droplets from an infected persons sneezes or coughs

Question 48

what are the signs and symptoms of measles

Answer 48

- fever - rest skin rash

Question 49

How can you prevent measles

Answer 49

getting vaccinated

Question 50

What does HIV stand for

Answer 50

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 51

How is HIV spread

Answer 51

- sexual contact - sharing contaminated needles

Question 52

What does HIV lead to

Answer 52

AIDS

Question 53

What are the signs and symptoms of HIV like

Answer 53

the flu

Question 54

How do you treat HIV

Answer 54

taking antiretroviral drugs for the rest of their life to stop the virus replicating in thier host cells

Question 55

How does HIV lead to AIDS

Answer 55

the virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body's immune cells

Question 56

What is the causative agent of malaria

Answer 56

a protist

Question 57

what are the symptoms of malaria

Answer 57

- fever - sweats and chills - vomiting - diarrhoea

Question 58

How is malaria spread

Answer 58

- female mosquito feeds on blood of infected animal - it ingests the gametes of the protist - female mosquito then feeds on an uninfected animal - female mosquito passes on saliva containing protist - protist completes its life cycle in human's liver - protist reproduces cuasing liver cells to rupture - protist then infects red blood cells

Question 59

Why is malaria becoming harder to treat

Answer 59

becuase the protist is becoming resistant to the medical drugs used to treat malaria and there is no vaccine

Question 60

How can you prevent malaria

Answer 60

- insect repelent - mosquito nets - vector control

Question 61

What are the problems with insect repelent

Answer 61

- people forget to reapply them - some mosquitoes may not be repelled with specific brands

Question 62

What are the problems with mosquito nets

Answer 62

- not everyone has access - some people don't want to use them

Question 63

What are the problems with vector control

Answer 63

- mosquitoes have become resistant to insecticides and pesticides - chemicals used build up in food chains - mosquitoes breed quickly