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Biology > evolution, fossils, speciation & classification (paper 2) > Flashcards

evolution, fossils, speciation & classification (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is evolution

A

a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through the process of natural selection, which may relate in the formation of a new species

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2
Q

what is the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

all species of living things have evolved from simpl life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago

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3
Q

why does evolution actually happen

A

natural selection of varients that give rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment

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4
Q

when has a new species formed

A

when two populations of one species become so different in phenotype that they can no longer interbreen to produce FERTILE offspring

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5
Q

who invented the theory of evolution

A

charles darwin

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6
Q

when do scientists think early life forms developed on earth

A

more than 3 billion years ago

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7
Q

what did people believe about life on earth before evolution

A

that God created everything

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8
Q

other than darwin, who else had a theory of evolution

A

Lamarck

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9
Q

describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution

A

every type of animal evolved from worms and the change to other orgaisms was casued by the inheritance of acquired characteristics - giraffes used their neck a lot so it grew longer

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10
Q

what were the problems with Lamarck’s theory

A
  • not enough evidence
  • people didn’t like the idea of desccending frfom worms
  • could see it wasnt true in humans
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11
Q

where did darwin discover evolution through natural selection

A

on the galapagous islands from the variety of finches from island to island

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12
Q

what process did darwin suggest

A

natural selection

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13
Q

explain darwin’s theory of natural selection

A
  • individula organisms within a species show a wide ranger of variation for a characteristic
  • mutation gives rise to new variants
  • individuals with characteristic most suited are more likely to survive and breed successfully
  • these characteristics are passed onto the next generation
  • this occurs over many generations
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14
Q

what was darwin’s book called

A

On the Origin of Species (1859)

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15
Q

why was the theory of evolution by natural selection only gradually accepted

A
  • theory challenged idea that God made life on earth
  • insufficent evidence at the time
  • mechanism of inheritance and variation was not know until 50 years after the theory was published
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16
Q

how has bacteria evolved

A

become antibiotic resistant

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17
Q

how have bacteria had time to evolve

A

because bacteria reproduce at a very fast rate

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18
Q

how does antibiotic resistant bacteria occur

A
  • there is variation in the population of bacteria
  • mutations occur naturally and spontaneously
  • mutations occur in the bacteria
  • this produces new stains of bacteria
  • some strains are resistant to anitbiotics
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19
Q

how has bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A
  • overuse of antibiotics
  • patients not completing course of medicine = can mutate
  • argicultural use of bacteria in animals even when not ill
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20
Q

why is it important to reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant stains

A

the development of new anitbiotics is expensive and slow and unlikely to keep up with hte emergence of new resistant strains

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21
Q

what are fossils

A

remains of plants and animals from millions of years ago

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22
Q

who created the theory of speciation

A

Alfred Wallace

23
Q

what is speciation

A

the development of new species when populations of the same species become so different that they can no longer successfully interbreed to produce fetile offspring

24
Q

what two factors lead to speciation

A
  • isolation
  • natural selection
25
Q

describe the process of speciation

A
  • any population contains a wide range of alleles
  • in each population alleles are advantegous to help the organism survive (natural selection)
  • sometimes part of a population is isolated because of new environmental conditions
  • alleles will be selected for each of the populations in the new environments
  • this increases variation more between the population
  • evutally the populations become so different they cannot reproduce successfully and are two different species
26
Q

how might a population become isolated

A
  • new mountain range
  • new river
  • area of land becomes an island
  • earthquake splits land
  • volcanoes porduce new land
27
Q

how old are fossils

A

millions of years old

28
Q

where are fossils found

A

in rocks

29
Q

what are the three ways fossils can have formed

A
  • from parts of organisms tha thave not decayed becuase one or more conditions needed were absent
  • when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay (mineralisation)
  • as preserved traces of footprints (footprints, burrows, roots)
30
Q

what is mineralisation

A

when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay

31
Q

why are there only few traces of early life forms

A

because they were soft-bodied which means that what traces that were, have been destroyed by geological activity

32
Q

why are there gaps in the fossil records

A
  • many of the earliest life forms were soft bodied and therefore left very few traces
  • most fossils have been destroyed by geological activity
  • most oragnisms that die do not fossilise
  • not all of them have been found yet
33
Q

why can scientists not be sure about how life began on earth

A

because there are too many gaps in fossil records as he earliest life forms were soft-bodied and left few traces

34
Q

what can we learn from fossils

A

how much or how little different organisms have changed as life developed on earth

35
Q

define extinction

A

the permanent loss of all the members of a species

36
Q

what might extinction be caused by

A
  • changed to the environment
  • new predators
  • new diseases
  • new more successful competitors
  • a single catastrophic event
37
Q

what is mass extinction

A

the loss of many species at the same time

38
Q

what is classification

A

organisation of living things into groups according to their similararities

39
Q

suggest why biologists classify organisms

A
  • make it easier to study them
  • make sense of the living world
  • understand how different groups of organisms are related
  • recognise the biodiversity on earth
  • gives scientists a common language
40
Q

who proposed the idea of clasification

A

carl linnaus

41
Q

what are the groups of classification

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
    (do keep penis’ clean or forget good sex)
42
Q

in the binomial system how many words are the names given to each organism

A

2

43
Q

describe the formations of the names in the binomial system

A
  • 1st name = genus = capital letter
  • 2nd name = species = lower case
  • write in italics
44
Q

in 1970s what idea did Carl Woese introduce

A

a higher level called a domain

45
Q

how many types of domains are there

A

3

46
Q

what are the three domains

A
  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukaryota
47
Q

what type of things are in the archaea domain

A

early forms of bacteria that include ectremophiles, organisms that can live in extreme conditions; this contains one kingdom, the archaebacteria

48
Q

what type of things are in the bacteria domain

A

these are the true bacteria and cyanobacteria, bacteria-like organisms that can photosynthesise; this contains one kingdom, the eubacteria

49
Q

what type of things are in the eukaryota domain

A

these are all have cells that contain a nucleus enclosing the genetic material; there are four kingdoms - the protista, fungi, plants and animals

50
Q

how many kingdoms are there

A

6

51
Q

name the kingdoms

A
  • protista
  • fungi
  • plants
  • animals
  • archaebacteria
  • eubacteria
52
Q

what are evolution trees

A

a method used by scientists to show how they believe organisms are related

53
Q

what do evolution trees show

A
  • common accestors
  • relationships between species

Biology (18 decks)

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