Cells And Microscopy TOPIC 1 Paper 1 Flashcards
What is A on this diagram
The eyepiece
What is B on the diagram
The coarse and fine adjustment dials
What is C on the diagram
The arm
What is D on the diagram
The nose piece
What is E on the diagram
The objectives
What is F on the diagram
Stage clips
What is G on the diagram
The stage
What is I on the diagram
The light source
What is K on the diagram
The mirror
What is J on the diagram
The base
What is magnification
How many times bigger the image is than the real object
What is resolution
The ability to distinguish between two points on an image - higher resolution gives a sharper, clearer image
How do you convert cm to mm
x10
How do you covert mm to μm
x1000
How do you convert μm to nm
x1000
How do you convert nm to μm
Divide by 1000
How do you convert μm to mm
Divide by 1000
How do you convert mm to cm
Divide by ten
What are the units for micrometer
μm
What is the formula for magnification
M = size of image / real size object
What is an electronmicrograph
The image that shows up on a fluorescent screen from the electron microscope
What is the function of the cell surface membrane
To control what comes in and out of the cell - it is selectively permeable
What is the function of the cell wall
To keep the cell in shape and stop it from bursting
What is the plant cell, cell wall made of
Cellulose a non living material
What is the function of cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a gelly like substance that contains all the organelles and in it all the metabolic reactions occur
What is the function of chloroplasts
They contain lots of chlorophyll which absorbs light energy to make photosynthesis happen
What does the permanent vacuole do
It keeps shape of plant cells and is full of cell sap storing dissolved sugar and mineral ions
What is the function of the nucleus
It is the largest organelle and controlles what the cell does while containing all the cell’s genetic information (chromosomes)
What is the function of mitochondria
This is where aerobic respiration happens releasing energy for the cell
What is the function of ribosomes
To make proteins from amino acids after being told from the genes in the nucleus
What organelles do animal cells contain
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
(Cheeky rabbits never catch me)
What organelles do plant cell structures contain
Nucleus
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
(Clever clever manky nectarine clever clever rotten pinapple)
What is an organ system
a group of organs working together to preform a common function
What are enzymes
biological catalysts which control the rate of reaction inside the body without being used up - they are formed from a string of amino acids
What is unusual about genetic material in a bacterial cell
They have loose DNA in cytoplasm, called chromosomal DNA and isn’t contained within a nucleus
What are plasmids
small rings of DNA that can replicate independently of the chromosomes
What are flagella and what are they used for
Flagella are the ‘tails’ on cells and they are used to swim or more around an organism
What are prokaryotic cells
Cells that don’t have a true nucleus or other cell organelles and are bacterial cells ~ a bacteria cell
What are eukaryotic cells
Cells with cell organelles - animal, plant, fungi cells
What does unicellular mean
It is the definition or the simplest organisms make of one single cell
What does multicellular mean
It is a complex organism made up of multiple cells and specialised to carry out particular functions
what is the heirarchy of multicellular organisms from organelles to the organism
organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism
What is contained in a bacterial cell structure
Cell wall
Pili
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Flagellum
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Plasmid
What are specialised cells
Cells which are adapted to preform a specific function
What is the function of a nerve cell
To send eletrical impulses around the organisms body
What is the function of a muscle cell
To preform any type of movement by contracting
What is the function of red blood cells
To carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body
What is the function of a sperm cell
To carry male genes and fertilise the ovum
What is the function of a root hair cell
To collect water and mineral nutrients from the soil and take this solution up the roots to the rest of the plant
What is the function of Xylem cells
To transport water and nutrients to other parts of the plant
What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell
No prokaryotic cells have a nucleus but every eukaryotic cell do have a nucleus
What is the smallest unit of life
A cell
How do you prepare a slide
Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
Cut up specimen and use tweezers to place specimen into the water in the slide
Add a drop of iodine solution
Place cover slip on top
What would you do with a coverslip
A cover slip is place on top of a specimen on a microscope slide
How do you observe a specimen
Clip the prepared slide onto the stage
Use the lowest powered objective lens
Use the coarse adjustment knob
Look down the eyepiece
What do you need to put on an observation drawing
A title
Over half of the given space
Labels to important features
The magnification of the drawing
The real length
Who do you work out the real size of specimen
Real size = image size / magnification
How do you work out the image size
Image size = magnification x real size
How do you kill any bacteria on an object
Pass the object through a blue Bunsen flame
What do you keep a lit Bunsen burner throughout the process when working with bacteria
Because it makes the air rise preventing any other bacteria from falling in the Petri dish so the experiment is accurate
Why is the agar plate not completely sealed
So that the bacteria is still open to oxygen to stop the bacteria becoming pathogenic
Why was the agar plate incubated at 25°C
Because it is too cold for pathogenic bacteria to grow but keeps the other bacteria alive
What are arhat plates incubated upside down
So that condensation doesn’t wash all the bacteria away
Do bacteria cells have a cell surface membrane
No
What is a prokaryotic cell wall made of
Peptodoglycan
What is binary fission
When a prokaryotic cell makes copies of its genetic material before splitting into two daughter cells
what are the adaptations of a red blood cell
- biconcave shape = more surface area
- no nucleus = more room for oxygen
- contain haemoglobin = oxygen can bond
name one adaptation of a nerve cell
branched endings
name two adaptations of a root hair cell
- lots of mitocrondria
- long extention = larger surface area
name two adaptations of a sperm cell
- flagelum
- streamlined head
- lots of mitocondria
what is the structure of the main genetics organelle in a prokaryotic cell
a single loop of DNA
what are the differences of a electronmicroscope and a light microscope
- electron is much more expensive
- electron cannot use live samples
- electron uses a bean of electrons, light uses light
