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Biology > Cells And Microscopy TOPIC 1 Paper 1 > Flashcards

Cells And Microscopy TOPIC 1 Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is A on this diagram

A

The eyepiece

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2
Q

What is B on the diagram

A

The coarse and fine adjustment dials

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3
Q

What is C on the diagram

A

The arm

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4
Q

What is D on the diagram

A

The nose piece

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5
Q

What is E on the diagram

A

The objectives

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6
Q

What is F on the diagram

A

Stage clips

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7
Q

What is G on the diagram

A

The stage

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8
Q

What is I on the diagram

A

The light source

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9
Q

What is K on the diagram

A

The mirror

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10
Q

What is J on the diagram

A

The base

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11
Q

What is magnification

A

How many times bigger the image is than the real object

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12
Q

What is resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points on an image - higher resolution gives a sharper, clearer image

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13
Q

How do you convert cm to mm

A

x10

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14
Q

How do you covert mm to μm

A

x1000

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15
Q

How do you convert μm to nm

A

x1000

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16
Q

How do you convert nm to μm

A

Divide by 1000

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17
Q

How do you convert μm to mm

A

Divide by 1000

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18
Q

How do you convert mm to cm

A

Divide by ten

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19
Q

What are the units for micrometer

A

μm

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20
Q

What is the formula for magnification

A

M = size of image / real size object

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21
Q

What is an electronmicrograph

A

The image that shows up on a fluorescent screen from the electron microscope

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22
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane

A

To control what comes in and out of the cell - it is selectively permeable

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23
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

To keep the cell in shape and stop it from bursting

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24
Q

What is the plant cell, cell wall made of

A

Cellulose a non living material

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25
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is a gelly like substance that contains all the organelles and in it all the metabolic reactions occur

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26
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

They contain lots of chlorophyll which absorbs light energy to make photosynthesis happen

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27
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do

A

It keeps shape of plant cells and is full of cell sap storing dissolved sugar and mineral ions

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28
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

It is the largest organelle and controlles what the cell does while containing all the cell’s genetic information (chromosomes)

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29
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

This is where aerobic respiration happens releasing energy for the cell

30
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

To make proteins from amino acids after being told from the genes in the nucleus

31
Q

What organelles do animal cells contain

A

Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
(Cheeky rabbits never catch me)

32
Q

What organelles do plant cell structures contain

A

Nucleus
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
(Clever clever manky nectarine clever clever rotten pinapple)

33
Q

What is an organ system

A

a group of organs working together to preform a common function

34
Q

What are enzymes

A

biological catalysts which control the rate of reaction inside the body without being used up - they are formed from a string of amino acids

35
Q

What is unusual about genetic material in a bacterial cell

A

They have loose DNA in cytoplasm, called chromosomal DNA and isn’t contained within a nucleus

36
Q

What are plasmids

A

small rings of DNA that can replicate independently of the chromosomes

37
Q

What are flagella and what are they used for

A

Flagella are the ‘tails’ on cells and they are used to swim or more around an organism

38
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Cells that don’t have a true nucleus or other cell organelles and are bacterial cells ~ a bacteria cell

39
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Cells with cell organelles - animal, plant, fungi cells

40
Q

What does unicellular mean

A

It is the definition or the simplest organisms make of one single cell

41
Q

What does multicellular mean

A

It is a complex organism made up of multiple cells and specialised to carry out particular functions

42
Q

what is the heirarchy of multicellular organisms from organelles to the organism

A

organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

43
Q

What is contained in a bacterial cell structure

A

Cell wall
Pili
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Flagellum
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Plasmid

44
Q

What are specialised cells

A

Cells which are adapted to preform a specific function

45
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell

A

To send eletrical impulses around the organisms body

46
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell

A

To preform any type of movement by contracting

47
Q

What is the function of red blood cells

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body

48
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell

A

To carry male genes and fertilise the ovum

49
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell

A

To collect water and mineral nutrients from the soil and take this solution up the roots to the rest of the plant

50
Q

What is the function of Xylem cells

A

To transport water and nutrients to other parts of the plant

51
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell

A

No prokaryotic cells have a nucleus but every eukaryotic cell do have a nucleus

52
Q

What is the smallest unit of life

53
Q

How do you prepare a slide

A

Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
Cut up specimen and use tweezers to place specimen into the water in the slide
Add a drop of iodine solution
Place cover slip on top

54
Q

What would you do with a coverslip

A

A cover slip is place on top of a specimen on a microscope slide

55
Q

How do you observe a specimen

A

Clip the prepared slide onto the stage
Use the lowest powered objective lens
Use the coarse adjustment knob
Look down the eyepiece

56
Q

What do you need to put on an observation drawing

A

A title
Over half of the given space
Labels to important features
The magnification of the drawing
The real length

57
Q

Who do you work out the real size of specimen

A

Real size = image size / magnification

58
Q

How do you work out the image size

A

Image size = magnification x real size

59
Q

How do you kill any bacteria on an object

A

Pass the object through a blue Bunsen flame

60
Q

What do you keep a lit Bunsen burner throughout the process when working with bacteria

A

Because it makes the air rise preventing any other bacteria from falling in the Petri dish so the experiment is accurate

61
Q

Why is the agar plate not completely sealed

A

So that the bacteria is still open to oxygen to stop the bacteria becoming pathogenic

62
Q

Why was the agar plate incubated at 25°C

A

Because it is too cold for pathogenic bacteria to grow but keeps the other bacteria alive

63
Q

What are arhat plates incubated upside down

A

So that condensation doesn’t wash all the bacteria away

64
Q

Do bacteria cells have a cell surface membrane

65
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell wall made of

A

Peptodoglycan

66
Q

What is binary fission

A

When a prokaryotic cell makes copies of its genetic material before splitting into two daughter cells

67
Q

what are the adaptations of a red blood cell

A
  • biconcave shape = more surface area
  • no nucleus = more room for oxygen
  • contain haemoglobin = oxygen can bond
68
Q

name one adaptation of a nerve cell

A

branched endings

69
Q

name two adaptations of a root hair cell

A
  • lots of mitocrondria
  • long extention = larger surface area
70
Q

name two adaptations of a sperm cell

A
  • flagelum
  • streamlined head
  • lots of mitocondria
71
Q

what is the structure of the main genetics organelle in a prokaryotic cell

A

a single loop of DNA

72
Q

what are the differences of a electronmicroscope and a light microscope

A
  • electron is much more expensive
  • electron cannot use live samples
  • electron uses a bean of electrons, light uses light

Biology (18 decks)

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