Enzymes TOPIC 2 Flashcards
what is the order of the digestive system
- salivary gland
- oesophagus
- stomach
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
what is the function of te salivary glands
produce saliva to lubricate food and break down startch with amylase
what is the function of the stomach
- produce protease (proteins -> amino acids)
- produce hdrochloric acid
why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid
- create optimum pH for the protease enzymes
- kill ingested pathogens
what are the main organs where food is digested
- stomach
- small intestine
what is physical digestion
food broken down physically by chewing or grinding in mounth or chruning in the stomach
what is chemical digestion
food broken down chemically by enzymes with the help of bile in the case of fats
what are the three enzymes produced by the pancrease
- carbohydrase
- protease
- lipase
where are carbohydrases produced
- small intestine
- pancreas
- salivary glands
where are lipases produced
- small intestine
- pancreas
where are proteases produced
- small intestine
- pancrease
- stomach
what do proteases break down
proteins
whta do lipases break down
lipids
what are the products forms from the break down of carbohydrates by carbohydrase
simple sugars
what are the products forms from the break down of lipids by lipases
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
what are the products forms from the break down of proteins by proteases
shorter protein chains and amino acidss
what are the two types of metabolism
- anabolism
- catabolism
define metabolism
the sum total of all the chemical reactions that are occuring in a cell or the body
what is anabolism
reactions which build up larger molecules from smaller molecules
what is catabolism
reactions which break down larger molecules into smaller molecules
how are metabolic reactions sped up
by enzymes
in anabolic metabolism is a energy input required
yes
in catabolic metabolism is an energy input required
not usually
in anabolic metabolism is energy released from the reaction
no
in catabolic metabolism is energy released from the reactions
yes
give three examples of a anabolic metabolism reaction
- glucose + nitrate ions -> amino acids
- many glucose molecules together -> cellulose or startch (in plants) or glycogen (in animals)
- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> 1 lipid
give three examples of a catabolic metabolism reaction
- proteins -> amino acids
- amino acids -> urea
- startch / cellulsoe / glycogen -> glucose
are proteins an example of a polymer
yes
what is a polymer
a large molecule
what is a catalyst
something which speeds up a reaction without being used up
how do enzymes work
the substrate of the reactios to be catalysed fits into the active site of the enzyme - they bind together
what are reactions affected by
- concerntration
- temperature
- surface area
are enzymes biological catalysts
yes
what is an enzyme
a specialised protein molecule with coil up inthe 3D shapes
exaplain a substrate
- each enzyme allows one specific substrate tp bind to the active site
- it has to be complementary
why does temperature effect enzyme action
- slows rate of reaction
- enzyme denatures = active site shape is lost
why does pH effect enzyme actions
- denatured = active site chages shape
how do you calculate rate of reactions
1000 / time
what solution is used to test for sugar
benedict’s solution
what solution is used to test for startch
iodine solution
what solution is used to test for proteins
biuret solution
what solution is used to test for lipids
Sudan III solution
what is the colour change for sugar
blue to brick red
what is the colour change for startch
orange-brown to blue-black
what is the colour change for proteins
blue to purple
what colour change happenes for lipids
a red layer will form on the top of the solution
