Seedless Vascular Flashcards
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Seedless vascular plants include which of the following phyla?
Anthophyta
Psilophyta
Pteridophyta
Equisetophyta (Arthrophyta)
Lycophyta
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta
Hepatophyta,
Psilophyta, petridophyta, Equisetophyta, and Lycophyta
Seedless vascular plants share which of the following characteristics? (Select ALL that apply)
Vascular tissue
Naked seeds
Flowers and fruits
Dominant sporophytes
Diploid gametophytes
Vascular tissue, dominant sporophytes
Describe the dermal tissue system.
Cells that produce waxes and other hydrophobic substances to reduce water loss.
Describe the vascular tissue system.
Xylem and phloem
Describe the ground tissue system.
Storage of materials, filling space.
A microphyll has __ strand of __ __.
One strand of vascular tissue.
Which of the phyla is not in the superphylum monilophyta?
Lycophyta.
Which of the phylum has heterosporous members?
Lycophyta.
What is the alternative name for the fully-developed gametophyte in ferns (Petridophyta).
Prothallus.
An underground, laterally growing stem found in ferns is called the __.
Rhizome.
What does vascular tissue allow for?
Larger plants to live in dryer habitats since it has the ability to move water from the ground throughout the body of the plant. Also allows it to grow taller, which means more sun, which means more photosynthesis.
Are seedless vascular plants sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
Sporophyte dominant.
Is the gametophyte big?
No, it becomes reduced over time.
What is the part we consider to be the plant?
The sporophyte.
What are the three tissue systems?
Vascular tissue, Dermal tissue, and ground tissue systems.
What is the vascular tissue system?
It moves materials around inside the plant body. Xylem and phloem. It is like a series of tubes.
What does xylem do?
Moves water and mineral nutrients from the soil through roots into the stems and leaves.
What does phloem do?
It moves photosynthate, as well as plant hormones and other molecules.
What is the dermal tissue system?
It functions like a skin, protecting the plants from herbovory. It aslo keeps the water inside the plant.
What is the ground tissue system?
It provides support for the vascular tissue. It fills the space around the vascular tissue.
Describe microphyll leaves.
They have only a single vein of vascular tissue that is unbranched, and they tend to be small.
Describe megaphyll leaves.
They have branched vascular tissue, that leads to more efficient photosynthesis. This is the vast majority of leaves you encounter.
What are meristems?
Specialized tissue dedicated to mitosis. Vascular plants have 1 to 2 types of meristems.
What is an apical meristem?
Found at the apicies. They are in ALL vascular plants, and are for primary growth.
What direction do apical meristems grow?
Taller (vertical) above ground, and deeper below ground.
What are lateral meristems?
They are the secondary growth found in trees and woody plants.
What direction do lateral meristems grow?
Horizontally to give width.
Are vascular plants homosporous or heterosporous?
One phylum is heterosporous, while all the others are homosporous.
What does heterosporous mean?
They have both mega and microspores.
What are the four phyla of seedless vascular plants?
Pteridophyta, psilophyta, equisetophyta, and lycophyta.
What is the ‘superphylum’?
Monilophyta. Consists of pteridophyta, psilophyta, and equisetophyta.
What is the shared synapomorphy of seedless plants?
Being vascular.
What is the plesiomorphy in seedless plants?
Being seedless.
Are seedless vascular plants monophyletic, polyphyletic, or paraphyletic?
Paraphyletic, because you have to make a second cut to remove seeded plants.
What are Psilophyta?
Whisk ferns.
What do psilophyta lack?
True leaves and roots.
What kind of branching structure do psilophyta have?
Dichotomous brancing.
Where are the sporangia located? (Psilo)
Directly on the stems.
How many lobes are the sporangea divided into? (Psilo)
Three lobes.
What are Equisetophyta?
Horse tail ferns.
What do equisetophyta contain in their stems?
Silica.
Describe the stem of equisetophyta.
Hollow and jointed, with each internode having whorls of microphylls.
What are sporophylls?
Specialized spore producing leaves.
What are sporophylls held by?
Sporangiophores. (Clustered into Strobilus).
What are Pteridophyta?
TRUE FERNS.
What are the megaphylls on pteridophyta called?
Fronds. They look like feathers.
What is the central stem called? (Pteri)
Rachis. Broad and flat.
What are pinnae?
Leaflets along the rachis.
How does the fern develop?
With circinate vernation.
How are spores produced? (Pteri)
In clusters of sporangia called sori.
What is the indusium?
Umbrella like structure that covers the sporangia.
What is the haploid gametophyte reduced in regards to?
The sporophyte.
What is Lycophyta?
Club mosses, gorund pine, resserection plant, quillwort.
Do lycophyta possess microphylls or megaphylls?
Microphylls.
Where do lycophyta prodce spores?
In the strobili.
Are lycophyta heterosporous or homosporous?
Both.
In the Lycophytales class, are things homo or heterosporous?
Homosporous.
In the Selaginales class. are things homo or heterosporous?
Heterosporous.
Is seedlessness a plesiomorphy or an apamorphy?
Plesiomorphy.
Are seedless plants a clade?
No
Is being vascular a plesiomorphy or an apamorphy?
Apamorphy.
Are vascular plants a clade?
Yes
What is an immature frond called?
A fiddlehead.
What is the rhizome?
The underground stem.
What is a sorus?
Cluster of sporangia.
What is the first step of the life cycle?
Sporangium produces spores by MEIOSIS.
After meiosis, are they n or 2n?
N.
What is the second step?
Spores are released and form protonema.
What is the bisexual gametophyte called?
Prothallus.
What are the archigonia?
The site that contain eggs. At the top.
Whar are the antheridia?
The hairy looking things on the outside. Produce sperm.
What needs to be added for fertilization?
Water
After fertilization, is the pteridophyta n or 2n?
2n
What structure is produced after fertilization?
Sporling (The new sporophyte)
