Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards
T/F? Prokaryotes are a valid taxon.,
False
Bacteria and archaea don;t have nucleu or other membrane-bounced organelles. This character state is (autapomorphic, synapomorphic, or symplesiomorphic).
Symplesiomorphic.
Staphylococcus means ___?
Cluster of spherical cells.
Which of these structures is not used for cell adhesion? Flagella, Fimbriae, Capsule.
Flagella
Match the mode of horizontal gene transfer to its definition:
Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation
Cell to cell via pili, Virus-mediated, Environmental
Transduction - Virus-mediated
Conjugation - Cell to cell via pili
Transformation - Environmental
What does pathogenic mean?
Disease causing.
What does free living mean?
Not associated with a host.
What does symbiotic mean?
Associated with a host.
What does biofilm mean?
Part of a colony in a gooey matrix.
What does decomposer mean?
Possessing hydrolytic enzymes.
What is a photoheterotroph?
Produces energy from sunlight, but requires fixed carbon for building molecules.
What is a chemoautotroph?
Derives energy for carbon fixation from chemical sources, such as ammonia or hydrogen gas.
What is a photoautotroph?
Uses sunlight for energy and carbon fixation.
What is a chemohererotroph?
Using fixed carbon for energy and building material.
Is a virus alive?,
No.
Do viruses have organelles, cytoplasm, or ribosomes?
No.
What aspects of living organisms do viruses have?
Order and organization, reproduction, and evolutionary adaptation.
What is a prokaryote?
A cellular organism that lacks a nucleus. It has no membrane bound organelles, no cytoskeleton, and no mitochondria/chloroplasts.
What is the best for difining clades?
Synapomorphies.
Do prokaryotes share ancestral characteristics?
Yes
Are prokaryotes recognized as a biological taxa?
No
Who is Carl Woese?
He proposed splitting the “monera” kingdom into Bacteria and Archaea.
Why did he want to split the kingdom?
Because when comparing RNA sequences, they showed huge differences.
What type of environment are archaea found in?
Extreme environments. (pH, salt, heat).
What kind of clade to archaea and eukarya create?
Monophyletic.
What are some shared ancestral characteristics (symplesiomorphies) in prokaryotes?
No nuclei, very small cell, unicellular or colonial, and morphology terms.
What are the three shapes for cells?
Spherical, rod shape, or spiral.
What does coccus(-i) mean?
Spherical
What does spirillum(-a) mean?
Spiral
What does bacillus(-i) mean?
Rod shape
What does staphylo mean?
Cluster
Whar does strepto mean?
Twisted
What are plasmids?
Small loops of DNA with genes.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
Movement of genes through cells that are not direct decendents of each other.
How to bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
What are the types of horizontal gene transfer?
Transformation, configuration, and transduction.
What is transformation?
From plasmids in the environment.
What is configuration?
From plasmids via pili.
What is transduction?
Virus mediated gene transfer.
Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?
Yes
What is peptidoglycan?
Coating on bacteria cell walls.
What is pseudopeptidoglycan?
Coating on archaea cell walls.
What is gram staining?
A way to tell a difference between bacteria and archaea. Determines the structure of the outer layer.
What color does gram positive turn?
Purple
What color does gram negative turn?
Pinkish
What is a capsule?
Outermost gooey layer of a bacteria cell wall. It allows it to adhere to a host.
What is fimbriae?
“Velcro” shafts on the outer layer. Also help adhere to host.
What are pilus?
Hollow cylinders that transfer plasmids by conjugation. “Bacterial sex”
What are flagellum(-a)
They are extra tails used for cell movement. Powered by motor proteins.
What is taxis?
Stimulus that prokaryotic cells move towards.
What is positive taxis?
Moving towards something such as light (phototaxis).
What is negative taxis?
Moving away from stimulus like chemical signals (chemotaxis).
What are endospores?
Metabolically inactive. They are responses to environmental change, aka suit of armor hibernating.
Are prokaryotes or eukaryotes more metabolically diverse?
Prokaryotes
What does heterotrophic mean?
Requires another organism to provide energy in carbon to produce biomass. (Humans and animals).
What does autotrophic mean?
Self feeding. Producing energy and biomass with no other organisms. (Plants).
What is photoautotrophic?
Self feeders due to a process called photosynthesis. Metabolize CO2 for a carbon source.
What is photoheterotrophic?
Not self feeders, but metabolize fatty acids. The byproducts of other organisms for their carbon source and obtain their energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis
What is chemoautotrophic?
species are self feeders and strip electrons H2 from CO2 and other organic compounds.
What is chemoheterotrophic?
species are not self feeders and are either saprobes or
parasites. This group makes up the group of decomposers at least in part.
What are mixotrophes?
Using a combination of sources.
What are the two main types of oxygen relationships?
Anaerobic and Aerobic
What is facultative?
Bacteria that can grow in or out of the presence of oxygen.
Whar is obligate?
Bacteria that can’t grow in the presence of oxygen.
Do archaea cause disease?
No, bacteria do.
What does pathogenic mean?
Disease causing.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
That eukaryotes have mitochondria and chloroplasts, which were believed to once be free living bacteria.
What was mitochondria called?
Alphaproteobacteria
What was chloroplast called?
Cyanobacteria
What is metagenomic processing?
Taking samples from unique habitats to examine bio-diversity and discovering things like antibiotics.
Are prokaryotes paraphyletic?
Yes
What are extremophiles?
Habitats in the most extreme conditions.
What are methanogens?
Least oxygen tolerant. Make CH4 as a metabolic waste product.
What are the 4 kingdoms of archaea?
Euryarcheota, crenarcheota, korarcheota, and nanarcheota.
Describe Euarcheota
Broad catagory, includes methanogens.
Describe Crenarcheota
Spring body water. Thermophiles
Describe Korarcheota
Young man. Found in hot springs
Describe Nanarcheota
Dwarf. Parasitic on crenarcheota.
Describe the domain Bacteria
Many kingdoms (up to 17). Eubacteria kingdom (simple cells with rigid walls).
