Bio Lab - Study Guide Flashcards
BIOLOGY LAB STUDY GUIDE: LAB 1-7
LAB 01 - Protista
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, eukarya, and archaea
What are the 4 kingdoms of domain Eukarya?
Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Taxa from most to least inclusive.
Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
General characteristics of protists.
They have diverse habitat and life form, they can be uni or multi cellular, and they exhibit different life cycles.
Life cycle(s) of the protist?
Zygotic meiosis (zygote directly undergoes meiosis. Gamete fertilized, becomes 2n. Zygote undergoes meiosis, becomes n again. Underoges mitosis, lives as haploid), gametic meiosis (gametes formed by meiosis. gamete underoges feril., becomes 2n. Zygote undergoes mitosis, and lives as diploid. zygote undergoes meiosis, becomes 1n again), and sporic or alteration of generation (mitosis happens in both haploid and diploid. fertilization, becomes 2n. undergoes mitosis and lives as diploid. zygote undergoes meiosis and becomes 1n. undergoes mitosis and lives as haploid).
What does protozoa mean?
It means ‘first animal’ and they utilize flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia for locomotion.
What are the protozoan phyla we discussed in lab?
Euglenozoa, gymnamoeba, ciliophora, apicomplexa, foraminifera, and radiolaria.
What are the unique characteristics of Euglena?
Eyespot, flagella
What are the unique characteristics of Amoeba?
Pseudopodia
What are the unique characteristics of Paramecium?
cilia
What are the unique characteristics of Plasmodium?
Multiply asexually, cause malaria. Carried by mosquito.
What are the steps to the wet mount procedure for a protist?
Grab microscope slide. Use the labeled pipette and expel some protozoan mixture in the center of the slide. Using the proto-slo, expel one drop in the center of protozoan mixture. Plase coverslip over the circle. Observe under the microscope.
What does the suffix -phyta mean?
It means plant.
What are the 4 protist algal phyla?
Chlorophyta, phaeophyta, rhodophyta, and bacillariophyta.
How can the protist algal phyla names be used to help determine what they are?
Chloro- green. Look like plants.
Phaeophyta- brown algae. Flat blades, stipe, and holdfast
Rhodo - red
What are the 6 green algae species?
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Gonium, Hydrodictyon, Oedogonium, and Ulva
Identifying features of red algae.
Multicellular and marine, found in deep water, capture blue, green, and violet wavelenghts
Identifying features of brown algae.
Flat, stipe, holdfast.
Organisms from protists lab.
Physarum
LAB 02/03 - Non-Vascular Plants and Seedless Vascular Plants
What are the three phyla that represent non-vascular plants?
Hepetophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta
Identify a liverwort.
Flat and green, possess gemma cups.
What are gemma cups? Identify them.
They are the structures on liverwort that contain gemma tissue.
Identify a hornwort.
Horn flower. Sporophyte is long and sticks up. CAN PHOTOSYNTHESIZE.
How would you describe the general life cycle of a plant?
Alteration of Generation (Sporic). Gamete is fertilized, becomes 2n. Zygote has sporophyte mitosis (diploid generation), then undergoes meiosis and becomes 1n spores. Gametophyte mitosis (haploid generation) and then goes back into fertilization.
What is xylem?
They are used for water and mineral transport. Occurs up from roots.
What is phloem?
They are for transporting photosynthate and other nutrients.
What are the 4 phyla that represent the seedless vascular plants?
Psilophyta, Pteridophyta, Equisetophyta, and Lycophyta.
Identify an equisetum.
What are the round yellow bumps on Psilotum (whisk fern) called? What do they do?
They are the sporangia, where spores are produced.
Where are sori found? Identify sori.
Found on the underside of fern leaves. They are where spores are produced
What is homospory?
Sporophytes produce only one kind of spore.
What is heterospory?
Sporophytes produce two kinds of spores (mega and micro).
What is the role of a hygroscopic elater?
Absorb moisture, and then expand and disperse the spores.
Identify microsporangia and megasporangia in a Selaginella microscope image.
Micro - pink
Mega - blue
What is a gymnosperm?
Naked seed plants.
What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla?
Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta.
Can you identify phylum name based on gymnosperm lab photo?
Ginkophyta - fan leaves
Gnetophyta - tall upwards
Coniferophyta - cones
Cycadophyta - small palm
What is a conifer?
A tree that bears cones and is often characterized by needle or scale like leaves.
Can you identify the sturctures of dissected seeds?
Seed coat - outside of bean (2n)
Cotyledon - bean half shaped first leaves
Epicotyl - first real leaves
Hypocotyl - stem
Radicle - roots
LAB 04 - Angiosperms
What is an angiosperm? How does it differ from a gymnosperm?
It means containing seed. This generation has flowers and fruits, which gymnosperms did not have.
What 2 structures are unique to angiosperms?
Flowers and fruits
What is a monocot? What does its vasculature look like?
They have 1 cotyledon (embryonic leaf), flower parts in multiples of three, and their leaves have parallel venation of vascular tissue.
What is a eudicot? What does its vasculature look like?
They have 2 cotyledons, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, and they have a net like/branched venation of vascular tissue.
Can you identify the different parts of a flower?
What are the four whorls of a flower?
Corolla - petals
Calyx - sepals
Gynoecium - carpel
Androecium - stamens
What is a gynoecium?
Female parts of a flower
What is an androecium?
Male parts of a flower
What are the sterile components of a flower?
What are the infertile components of a flower?
What is an incomplete flower? Complete?
Incomplete means it is missing 1 or more whorls. Complete means it has them all.
What is a perfect flower? Imperfect?
Perfect means it has both male and female parts on the same flower. Imperfect means it is missing one
Can a flower be incomplete but still perfect? Why or why not?
It can be incomplete but still perfect, since missing a whorl doesnt mean it is missing the male and female parts.
What is connation? Adnation?
Connation is fusing within a whorl, adnation is fusing between different whorls.
What are the types of flower symmetry? Can you identify them by photo?
Radial - radiates from one point
Bilateral - same if folded in half
Asymmetry - no uniformity
Simple vs Aggregate vs Multiple fruits - what are they and some examples of each?
Aggregate fruit is fruit from separate carpels on one flower (strawberry and blackberry). Multiple is from multiple flowers (pineapple and mulberry).
Fleshy vs Dry Fruits - What are they and examples.
Fleshy fruits are soft (pericarp) example is apple, orange, avocado, ect. Dry fruits are not fleshy, and examples are nuts, legumes, ect.
Can you classify the following fruits?
Pineapple
Magnolia
Strawberry
Acorn
Maple
Tomato
Orange
Lemon
Apple
Cucumber
Pineapple - multiple fleshy
Magnolia - Aggregate dry
Strawberry - Aggregate dry accessory
Acorn - Simple dry
Maple - Simple dry
Tomato - Simple fleshy
Orange - Simple fleshy
Lemon - Simple fleshy
Apple - Simple fleshy accessory
Cucumber - Simple fleshy accessory
LAB 05 - Plant Form and Function (Part 1)
What is auxin?
It is a plant hormone that affects plant growth. Primarily prduced in tips of stems and roots. Causes a plant to grow towards the sun, helps form flowers and leaves, and helps to develop organs and tissues.
What is apical dominance?
When auxin inhibits the growth of lateral axillary buda,
How are auxin and apical dominance related?
Auxins stimulate the growth of the apical bud and inhibit the growth of side shoots from lateral buds
What is lead abscission?
Leaves falling off
Can you identify pruned vs unpruned plants?
A pruned plant is when you remove terminal bud. Growas more horizontally. Unpruned grows more vertical
Can you identify a Helianthus (sunflower) stem cross section?
Circle with all the candy corn shaped 3 layered things. Looks like immitation crab from the side.
Can you identify a Ligustrum (privet) leaf cross section?
Purple and blue. Has vertical parts and dissipates into circular parts
Can you identify a Ranunculus (buttercup) root cross section?
Lots of circles with an x in the midle
LAB 06/07 - Plant Form and Funtion (Part 2)
What is a gibberellin and what do they do?
They are plant hormones that control many plant processes. They cause an increase in shoot growth by promoting cell devision and elongation.
How are gibberellins and dwarf mutant plants related?
When gibberellins are applied to dwarf mutants, they become indistinguishable from normal tall varieties.
What is etiolation?
Plants that have been growing in the dark (or reduced light)
What are some results of etiolated plants?
Increased stem elongation, poor leaf development, and lack of chlorophyll.
Can you identify an etiolated pea plant vs non-etiolated pea plant?
Etiolated is pale, non is green
What is the difference between fungal and plant cell walls?
Their cell wall is made of chitin instead of cellulose.
What are hyphae?
They are long, slender cellular filaments.
What is a mycelium?
Masses of hyphae.
How do fungi primarily reproduce?
They repoduce via spores with sexual and asexual reproduction.
How would you describe the general life cycle of a fungus?
Zygotic meiosis.
Imperfect vs Perfect fungi
Imperfect - ASEXUAL reproduction. Spores formed by mitosis.
Perfect - SEXUAL reproduction. Spores formed by meiosis.
Plasmogamy vs Karyogamy
Plasmogamy - Cells fusing their plasma membranes together and results in a dikaryotic cell if nucleus DOES NOT fuse.
Karyogamy - when the nuclei fuse together to make a true diploid. Makes the zygote undergo meiosis.
Features of phylum Ascomycota - ascus, ascospores, life cucle
These are the sac fungi. The ascus is a sac like sporangium, and meiosis forms ascospores in a sac. The sac breaks open to release the spores. They have karyogamy to form the zygote.
What are conidia? Conidiophores?
Examples of imperfect fungi?
Penicillum and Aspergillus
Features of the phylum Basidiomycota - basidium, basidiospore, life cycle.
These are the club fungi. The masidium is a club like sporangium. Karyogamy occurs to form the zygote and meiosis forms basidiospres at the tip of the club that pinch off from the club to release. Mostly SEXUAL.
3 types of lichens - can you identify?
Crustose - crust like
Fruticose - shrub like
Foliose - leaf like
