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Marine > Sediments > Flashcards

Sediments Flashcards

1
Q

what are marine sediments formed from

A

from weathered rock which gets transported to ocean by air/water

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2
Q

is erosion/deposition equal

A

no because of plate tectonics, sediments squeezed at subduction zones mountains eroded into sea

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3
Q

how to classify sediments

A

grain size

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4
Q

what is mud

A

silt and clay, fine

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5
Q

what are most common sediments in sea

A

mud/sand

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6
Q

what does grain size/sorting show

A

how it was transported/deposited

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7
Q

textural maturity

A

particles round overtime, sorting increases

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8
Q

factors controlling deposition

A

energy of transport, material, size

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9
Q

slow eroded rock

A

small/fine grain, well sorted, mature, mud/clay separated

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10
Q

fast eroded rock

A

high energy, large grains, not well sorted, gravel/sand mixed

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11
Q

high energy conditions

A

fine grains suspended, large grains roll, large grains deposited

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12
Q

low energy conditions

A

large grains too heavy to suspend, fine grain deposited

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13
Q

the larger the particle…

A

the larger the velocity needed to move it

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14
Q

why does clay need more energy then sand

A

clay sticks together so needs more energy to break apart

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15
Q

terrigenous/lithogenic

A

produced from weathered rocks, reflects composition of rocks where it was eroded, then gets transported by air/wind/ice

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16
Q

biogenous

A

produced from hard shells of organisms, macroscopic (bones), microscopic (shells, small)

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17
Q

hydrogenous

A

precipitated from water near seafloor, manganese nodules

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18
Q

volcanogenic

A

ejected from volcanoes

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19
Q

cosmogenic

A

from space

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20
Q

where is most terrigenous/lithogenic sediment found

A

continental margins

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21
Q

what does biogenic sediments do

A

settle on ocean and rains down ocean

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22
Q

biogenic ooze

A

when biogenic sediment clumps together and forms ooze (organisms dissolve), 30% is ooze, rest is mud

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23
Q

what happens after an organism dies

A

it sinks to floor and forms fecal pellat

24
Q

calcareous ooze

A

CaCO3, foraminifer, coccolithophores

25
Q

silicious ooze

A

high productivity areas, diatoms, accumulates past CCD

26
Q

deep ocean and CaCO3

A

its undersaturated with CaCO3, not enough calcium to combine with carbonate

27
Q

calcite compensation depth

A

depth where CaCO3 dissolves so there’s none on seafloor

28
Q

carbonate dissolution depends on…

A

temperature/pressure, rate of carbonate supply, acidity

29
Q

lysocline

A

depth where CaCO3 declines rapidly

30
Q

factors controlling distribution

A

productivity, dissolution, dilution

31
Q

ferromanganese nodules

A

lumps of metal oxides that have precipitated around a nuclei, metals come from weathering of rock

32
Q

phosphorites

A

needed for growth of organisms, high productive areas

33
Q

evaporites

A

formed when water evaporates, minerals

34
Q

metal sulfides

A

iron/nickel, hydrothermal vents

35
Q

as you approach a continent there’s more…

A

terrigenous sediment

36
Q

sources of deep sea sediment

A

terrigenous/biogenous

37
Q

bulk emplacement

A

large amount of sediment transported (not grains), moved due to gravity, sediment build up causes instability/slope failure

38
Q

slump

A

sediment piles slides downslope

39
Q

mud flows (slurries)

A

mud/sediment mixed with water

40
Q

turbidity currents

A

transport sediments to deep sea

41
Q

pelagic sediment

A

fine terrigenous/biogenic sediment settled at bottom of ocean

42
Q

inorganic

A

red clay

43
Q

organic

A

oozes

44
Q

continental shelf

A

flat plane of land underwater, where land meets sea

45
Q

what is shelf sedimentation controlled by

A

tides/waves/currents

46
Q

what happens to energy as depth increases

A

it decreases

47
Q

what does shoreline turbulence do

A

prevents small particles from settling

48
Q

where is calcareous ooze

A

tropics

49
Q

where is sand/mud

A

temperate

50
Q

subduction zones

A

squeeze sediment, creates prism

51
Q

ice rafting

A

bulk emplacement of terrigenous sediment, large ice fragments broken off glaciers

52
Q

as seafloor spreads…

A

ooze accumulates at top of ridge and gets buried/lithified and turns into limestone, as plate spreads it goes past CCD and ooze dissolves, pelagic mud forms and buries limestone protecting older limestone

53
Q

as continents move apart…

A

sediments fill gaps as plates move, terrigenous sediment eroded by continent accumulates on shelf causing it to widen, sediment weighs continent down/sinks so sediment can be deposited

54
Q

Atlantic margins

A

build up of sediment balances out subsidence, as plate sinks it has enough room for sediment build up

55
Q

pacific margins

A

same as subduction zones

Marine (19 decks)

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