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Bio58 Midterm 2 > Sedative & Hypnotics > Flashcards

Sedative & Hypnotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of drugs used to decrease activity in the CNS?

A
  1. Sedatives

2. Hypnotics

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2
Q

What does a sedative do?

A

Decreases the desire for physical acitvity

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3
Q

What does a hypnotic do?

A

Induces and maintains sleep

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4
Q

What CAN a sedative do?

A

put people to sleep b/c they relax and have reduced desire for physical activity

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5
Q

How many states is a normal sleep cycle broken up into?

A

2

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6
Q

What is the first state called?

A

NREM

Non-rapid eye movement

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7
Q

What is the second state called?

A

REM

Rapid eye movement

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8
Q

How long is a typical sleep cycle?

A

60-90 minutes

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9
Q

In NREM, how many stages and what are their names?

A

4 Total:
Stage 1 = 5% = somewhat aware, relaxed state
Stage 2 = 50% = unaware but easily awakened
Stage 3 & 4 = 20%
Stage 3 = Deep Sleep, Delta Brain Waves
Stage 4 = Very Deep Sleep, Delta Brain Waves

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10
Q

What happens during Stages 3 and 4?

A

Physical Rest and Restoration

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11
Q

In REM, how many stages and what are their names?

A

Just 1 - just REM = 25% (about 20 min)

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12
Q

What happens in REM sleep?

A

Mental Rest and Restoration

bursts of rapid eye movement b/c autonomic activity and dreaming

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13
Q

What are the 3 drug classes for sedatives & hypnotics?

A
  1. Barbitruates
  2. Non-barbitruates
  3. Benzodiazepines
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14
Q

What are some NON-pharmacological solves?

A
  1. Warm Milk
  2. Chamomile Tea
  3. Lavendar Scent
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15
Q

Which is the best stage to wake up after to feel fully rested?

A

Right after Stage 5 at the beginning of Stage 1

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16
Q

What can you generally say about barbiturates?

A

Oldest drug in this class, not often used anymore

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17
Q

What are barbiturates still used for?

A
  1. anesthesia for surgery

2. anti-convulsants

18
Q

Where are the 2 main sites of action for barbiturates?

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Reticular Formation

19
Q

What happens at the sites of action?

A

Inhibition of the RETICULAR FORMATION reduces the excitatory stimulation of the CEREBRAL CORTEX causing CNS depression - either sedative or hypnotic states

20
Q

What are 3 barbiturates we need to know?

A
  1. Secobarbital
  2. Amobarbital
  3. Phenobarbital
21
Q

What is the MOA for a barbiturate in a low dose?

A

enhance inhibitory effects of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) which decrease excitability in the reticular formation

22
Q

So, what do low doses of barbiturates cause?

A

sedation

23
Q

What is the MOA for a barbiturate in a high dose?

A

interferes with neuronal membranes that disrupts normal function and movement of ions

24
Q

So, what does a high dose of barbiturate cause?

A

hypnosis

25
Q

How do barbiturates affect the sleep cycle?

A

Increase Stage 2
Decrease Stages 3 & 4
Suppress REM

26
Q

What can barbiturates cause in some people?

A
  1. Enzyme Induction = Tolerance
  2. Addiction (greater than 1-2 mos to avoid withdrawal)
  3. Poisoning (TOTAL CNS depression = hypotension, shock AND no antidote)
27
Q

What should you NOT take with barbiturates?

A

Any other CNS depressant

28
Q

List the 3 barbiturates in “lasting” affect from shortest to longest

A
  1. secobarbital
  2. amobarbital
  3. phenobarbital
29
Q

Do non-barbiturates cause tolerance and dependency like barbiturates?

A

Yes

30
Q

What are the 2 non-barbiturates?

A
  1. Chloral Hydrate

2. Zolpidem/Ambien

31
Q

What is Chloral Hydrate commonly used for?

A

Hypnosis of children for medical procedures

32
Q

What is Zolpidem/Ambien commonly used for?

A

Sleep aid for adults

33
Q

Does Zolpidem interfere with sleep cycle?

A

NOT at all

34
Q

What condition is benzodiazepines MOST commonly used for?

A

anxiety

35
Q

What again is the MOA for benzodiazepines?

A

Enhance the inhibitory effect of GABA neurotransmitter to reduce excitatory stimulation in reticular formation

36
Q

What does the level of benzo dose do?

A 
Low = sedative
Hight = hypnosis
37
Q

Benzos are . . .

A

highly lipid soluble and cross BBB

38
Q

Do benzos cause enzyme induction?

A

very little and not as much tolerance as barbiturates

39
Q

How do benzodiazepines affect sleep cycle?

A

Increase Stage 2
Decrease Stage 4
NO effect on REM

40
Q

What 3 benzodiazepines are used for a sedative/hypnotic states?

A
  1. Temazepam
  2. Flurazepam
  3. Triazolam

Bio58 Midterm 2 (16 decks)

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