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My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) > (Section D: Other Infectious Agents) Lecture 30 > Flashcards

(Section D: Other Infectious Agents) Lecture 30 Flashcards

1
Q

Mycoses

A

Fungal infections caused by a fungus (yeast or mold)

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2
Q

How many fungi are reported to cause diseases of humans and other warm-blooded animals?

A

About 200-300 fungi

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3
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Toxi chemical compounds produced by certain fungi that grow on food crops and other organic materials

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4
Q

What can airborne spores cause?

A

Asthma, allergies, or cause occupational diseases

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5
Q

List major health risks posed by fungi

A
  1. Mycoses
  2. Mycotoxins
  3. Airborne spores
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6
Q

How many people are affected by fungal disease? How many deaths are attributed to fungal diseases?

A
  • Over a billion people affected by fungal disease
  • ~1.5 million deaths are attributable to fungi annually
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7
Q

Are fungal infections noticeable?

A

No
* Transient exposure to fungi or fungal colonization occurs without the knowledge of the affected individual

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8
Q

How virulent are fungi?

A

Most fungi have low virulence

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9
Q

Is it easy to diagnose fungal infections?

A

No, it is difficult to diagnostically distinguish between presence and infection

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10
Q

How are mycoses classified?

A
  1. Site of infection
  2. Route of acquisition
  3. Type of virulence
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11
Q

Site of infection classifications

A
  1. Superficial: Only on the epidermis, usually clears up on its own
  2. Cutaneous: Goes into the dermis
  3. Subcutaneous: Goes into the subcutaneous layer, cause by wounds
  4. Systemic: Dissemination through bloodstream, infects other organs
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12
Q

Route of acquisition classifications

A
  1. Exogenous: External sources such as aerosols and direct contact
  2. Endogenous: Happens in immunocompromised individuals
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13
Q

Type of virulence classifications

A
  1. Primary mycoses: Can infect healthy individuals
  2. Opportunistic mycoses: Usually affect immunocompromised individuals, hard to affect healthy individuals
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14
Q

Dermatophytic fungi
* Site of infection
* Species

A
  • Most are superficial and cutaneous
  • Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton
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15
Q

What are Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi classified as?

A

Molds

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16
Q

Are dermatophytic fungi very good at spreading?

A

No, they are usually self-limiting and generally have no cellular immune response

17
Q

Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses
* Mechanism
* Species

A
  • Expoit the imbalance between the host and the pathogen that occurs in immunocompromised individuals
  • Candida, Aspergillus
18
Q

What type of fungi are Candida?

A

Yeasts

19
Q

What type of fungi are Aspergillus?

A

Molds

20
Q

What are risk factors that are associated with getting fungal infections?

(10)

A
  • HIV infection and AIDS
  • Solid-organ transplantation
  • Anticancer chemotherapy
  • Granulocytopenia
  • Premature birth
  • Old age
  • Use of corticosteroids
  • Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Central vascular catheters
  • Gastrointestinal surgery
  • Colonization with fungus
21
Q

True or False:

Candida species always cause infections when they infect humans

A

False, a large proportion of humans innocuously carry several Candida species on epithelial surfaces

22
Q

What species of Candida is most frequently associated with Candidiasis?

A

Candida albicans

23
Q

What types of superficial candidiasis infections are there?

A
  1. Oropharyngeal candidiasis
  2. Denture stomatitis
  3. Vulvovaginal candidiasis
  4. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
24
Q

Virulence Factors of Candida

A
  1. Adhesins (bind and stick)
  2. Dimorphism (budding and hyphae forms)
  3. Phenotypic switching (change genetic expression proteins)
  4. Extracellular hydrolases
25
Q

How does invasive Candidiasis work?

A
  1. Adhesion and Colonization
  2. Change morphology
  3. Migrate through tissues
  4. Budding allows travel in bloodstream
  5. Can form biofilms
26
Q

Symptoms of Candidiasis

A
  • Fever and chills
  • Low blood pressure
  • Muscle aches
  • Skin rash
  • Weakness or fatigue
27
Q

How is Candidiasis diagnosed?

A
  • Selective media cultures
  • Detection of anti-Candida antibodies and Candida antigens in blood samples
28
Q

How is epidemiology of Candida evaluated?

A
  • DNA fingerprinting
  • Microarrays
  • PCR
29
Q
A

My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) (30 decks)

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