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My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) > (Section B: Immunology) Lecture 11: Innate Immunity II > Flashcards

(Section B: Immunology) Lecture 11: Innate Immunity II Flashcards

1
Q

Describe:

Anatomy of the Immune Response

A
  1. Infection/Infection
  2. Innate immunity
  3. Lymphatic/Blood flow in to lymphoid organ
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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A
  • Parallel to circulatory
  • Comprised of lymphatic capillaries, lymph nodes etc.
  • Lined with endothelial cells
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3
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

“Highway for WBCs”
* Allows white blood cells to travel to and from site of infection/injury

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4
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries run?

A
  • Close to veins and arterioles
  • Does not touch them
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5
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A
  • Where lymph vessels come together
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6
Q

What are the major lymph nodes in the body?

A
  • Tonsils
  • Groin
  • Armpit
  • Peyer’s patches (intestines)
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7
Q

Describe:

Structure of a lymph node

A
  • Center is called the medulla
  • Surrounding area is called the cortex

Cortex is comprised of:
* Follicle: B-cell zone
* Paracortex: T-cell zone

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8
Q

Describe:

Structure of the Spleen

A
  • Red pulp: Recycle RBCs (dead or dying), prevents iron from being released
  • White pulp: Location of WBCs

White pulp comprises of the T-cell zone
Follicles comprises of the B-cell zone

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9
Q

What are the two types of pathogen recognition?

A
  1. Adaptive recognition
  2. Innate recognition
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10
Q

Pathogen

A

“Sickness generating”

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

How are pathogen detected?

A
  • Sensed by receptors
  • Receptors send signals
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13
Q

Describe:

Intracellular Signaling Pathways

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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14
Q

How does reception work?

A
  • Transmembrane protein
  • Has intracellular component to send signals inside
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15
Q

How does the transduction work?

A

Signal-transduction pathway
* Some signals are ON signals, some are OFF signals
* Ex. Normally something is ON, the signal might tell it to turn OFF

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16
Q

How does the response work?

A

Activation of cellular responses
* Pathways can overlap and “talk” to each other
* Ex. One signal pathway can trigger many others along the way

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17
Q

Define:

PRRs

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors
* Expressed at surface and within many cell types
* Ex. WBC, some lymphocytes, and some epithelial cells

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18
Q

What do PRRs recognize?

A

Recognize evolutionarily conserved, invairant regions of pathogens
* Can also recognize damage or infection signals

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19
Q

How is the specificity of PRRs determined?

A

Germline-encoded

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20
Q

What are PRRs critical for?

A

Initiating immune responses

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21
Q

List:

4 Families of PRRs

A
  1. Toll-like receptors (TLR)
  2. C-type lectin receptors (CLR)
  3. Nucleotide oligomerization receptors (NLR)
  4. RIG-I like receptors (RLR)
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22
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

A
  • “Toll” means “crazy”
  • Humans and mammals have many Toll genes
  • Can recognize a wide variety of patterns
  • Located on cell surface or on endosomes
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23
Q

Where are C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) located?

A

On cell surface

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24
Q

Where are nucleotide oligomerization receptors (NLRs) located?

A

Cytosol

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25
Q

Where are RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) located?

A

Cytosol

26
Q

What do PRRs recognize?

A

PAMPs
* Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

27
Q

List:

Examples of PAMPs

A
  • Mannose-rich oligosaccharides
  • Peptidoglycans
  • Lipopolysaccharides
  • Unmethylated CpG DNA (unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide in DNA)
28
Q

Examples of PAMPS in bacteria

A
  • Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)
  • Peptidoglycan (PGN)
  • Lipoproteins
  • DNA
  • Flagellin
  • Lipopolyssacharide (LPS)
29
Q

Examples of PAMPs in viruses

A
  • Viral nucleic aicds
  • Capsid and surface proteins
30
Q

What is a PAMP in yeast?

A

Zymosan (beta-glucan)

31
Q

How can PAMPs be classified?

A
  • Critical for microbe structure
  • Viral
  • Critical for microbe pathogenicity
32
Q

List:

PAMPs critical for microbe structure

A
  • Peptidoglycan & Lipoteichoic Acid: In cell walls of Gram-Positive bacteria
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): In the cell wall of Gram-Negative bacteria
  • Mannan: In the cell wall of yeast
  • Glucan: In the cell wall of fungi
33
Q

List:

PAMP critical for microbe pathogenicity

A

Bacterial Flagellin

34
Q

What is the structure of toll-like receptors?

A

Dimers
* Two protein subunits together

35
Q

Where are Toll-Like Receptors located?

A
  1. On the surface membrane of the cell (allows detection and initiation of phagocytosis)
  2. On the endosome/lysosomes (tells the cell what is inside the endosome/lysosome based on what signal is activated)
36
Q

DAMPs

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns
* Released as a consequence of cellular damage

37
Q

When are DAMPs released?What are examples of DAMPS?

A

Released when damage occurs (cuts, scrapes etc.)
* ATP
* Uric acid
* Mitochondrial DNA
* Histones (should only be present in the nucleus during normal conditions)
* Heat shock proteins (HSPs)
* S100
* Hight Mobility Group Proteins (HMGB1)

38
Q

What form of extracellular communication allows for communication between cells of the immune system?

A

Cytokines
* “Cell movement”

39
Q

Do all cells respond to cytokines?

A

No, only the target cells with receptor for the cytokine will receive it

40
Q

List:

Cytokine modes of action

A
  1. Pleiotropy
  2. Redundancy
  3. Cascade induction
41
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Same cytokine act on different cells to evoke different responses

42
Q

Redundancy

A

Different cytokines evoke same response in cells

43
Q

Cascade induction

A

Action of a cytokine on a cell induces production of one or more additional cytokines

44
Q

What are the 6 major cytokine families?

A
  1. Interleukin-1 family
  2. Class 1 (hematopoietin) cytokine family
  3. Class 2 (interferon) cytokine family
  4. Tumor necrosis factor family
  5. Interleukin-17 family
  6. Chemokines
45
Q

Functions of:

Interleukin-1 family cytokines

A

Includes important inflammatory mediators

46
Q

Functions of:

Class 1 (hematopoietin) cytokine family

A

Striking sequence and functional diversity, responsible for many roles in immune system

47
Q

Functions of:

Class 2 (interferon) cytokine family

A

Important roles in antiviral responses

48
Q

Functions of:

Tumor necrosis factor family

A

Plays roles in inflammation

49
Q

Functions of:

Interleukin-17 family cytokines

A

Professor will not teach anything about this family

50
Q

Functions of:

Chemokines

A

Serves chemoattractant function
* Tells cells where to go in body

51
Q

State the receptors for each family of cytokines

A
  1. Interleukin-1 family receptors
  2. Class 1 receptors
  3. Interferon-type receptors (class 2)
  4. TNF receptors
  5. IL-17 receptors
  6. Chemokine receptors
52
Q

What are the structures like for cytokine receptors?

A
  1. Monomeric
  2. Dimeric
  3. Trimeric/Multimeric
53
Q

Are the two protein subunits for dimeric cytokine receptors the same or different?

A

Both
* Can be hetero-
* Can be homo-

54
Q

State:

Relationship between dissociation constant and monomer/dimer/multimer

A

Multimers have lower dissociation constants (Kd)
* Thus high affinity for their signals

55
Q

Describe:

IL-2 Signal transduction pathway

A
  1. Signal recruits and activates JAK family tyrosine kinases, phosphorylation of receptor
  2. Also phosphorylates STAT (Single Transduction and Activation of Transcription) Proteins
  3. Travels into nucleus to turn on/off certain genes

Known as the JAK/STAT pathway

56
Q

What is IL-2 reponsible for?

A

Communication between WBCs, tells cells to divide

57
Q

What are the main responsibilities of chemokines?

A

Promote cellular migration, tells cells where to go in the body

58
Q

What are chemokines secreted by?

A

Immune and Non-immune cells

59
Q

How do interferon cytokines work?

A

Virus infected cells secrete Type 1 interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta)
* Initiates immune responses by activating dendritic cells

60
Q

What cellular responses can be activated by cytokines?

A
  1. Changes in gene expression (transcription), turned on/off
  2. Changes in protein expression (translation), turned on/off
  3. Cell division
  4. Cell movement
  5. Cell differentiation
  6. Cell survival (life/death)

My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) (30 decks)

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