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My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) > (Section D: Other Infectious Agents) Lecture 29 > Flashcards

(Section D: Other Infectious Agents) Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Are fungi more related to plants or humans?

A

Humans

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2
Q

Plant cell vs. Fungal cell
* Cell wall

A
  • Plants: Cellulose
  • Fungi: Chitin
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3
Q

Plant cell vs. Fungal cell
* Nucleus

A
  • Plants: Generally possess 1 nucleus per cell
  • Fungi: May be uninucleated or multinucleated
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4
Q

Plant cell vs. Fungal cell
* Autotroph/Heterotroph

A
  • Plants: Autotrophs
  • Fungi: Heterotrophs
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5
Q

Plant cell vs. Fungal cell
* Membrane composition

A
  • Plants: Contains phytosterols
  • Fungi: Contains ergosterol
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6
Q

Plant cell vs. Fungal cell
* Food storage

A
  • Plants: Store food as starch in granules
  • Fungi: Store food as glycogen in granules
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7
Q

Cellulose vs. Chitin

A

Cellulose
* β(1-4) linked D-glucose

Chitin
* β(1-4) linked N-acetylglucosamine

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8
Q

How are fungi classified?

A
  • Spore formation
  • Fungal genomics
  • Modes of nutrition
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9
Q

Fungal modes of nutrition

A
  1. Saprophytic
  2. Parasitic
  3. Symbiotic
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10
Q

Saprophytic fungi

A
  • Obtain nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances
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11
Q

Parasitic fungi

A
  • Obtain nutrition by living on other living organisms and absorbing their nutrients
  • Plants, animals can be hosts
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12
Q

Symbiotic fungi

A
  • Have interdependent relationship with other species in which both are mutually benefited
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13
Q

What are forms of symbiotic fungi?

A
  1. Lichens: Fungi and Algae
  2. Mycorrhiza: Fungi and Plants
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14
Q

Fungal morphology

A
  1. Filamentous (macrofungi and microfungi)
  2. Yeast (microfungi, “molds”)
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15
Q

Forms of Fungal Reproduction

A
  1. Asexual
  2. Sexual
  3. Parasexual
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16
Q

Fungal Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Most common
  • Known as anamorphs
  • Asexual propagules are known as spores, produced following mitosis
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17
Q

Fungal Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Known as teleomorphs
  • Sexual propagules formed by fusion of two nuclei that then generally undergo meiosis
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18
Q

Fungal Parasexual Reproduction

A

Genetic recombination without the requirement of specific sexual structures

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19
Q

Filamentous fungi lifecycle

A
  1. Fruitbody releases spores
  2. Spores germinate, form hyphae in soil
  3. Mating can occur between hyphae from different spores
  4. Pinning (young fruitbody)
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20
Q

Vegetative growth of fungi

A

Fungi typically grow as filaments, termed hyphae

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21
Q

Hyphae
* Classifications

A
  1. Septate: In segments, cytoplasm not continuous
  2. Coenocytic: No divisions, cytoplasm continuous (allows organelles to move through)
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22
Q

How do hyphae grow?

A

Aprical growth
* Entend only at their extreme tips
* Does branching at the tips

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23
Q

Mycelium

A

Fungal hyphae branch repeatedly behind their tips, forming a network

24
Q

Aspergillus nidulans
* Lifecycle

A
  1. Sexual cycle
  2. Asexual cycle
  3. Parasexual cycle
25
Q

Aspergillus nidulans
* Sexual cycle

A
  1. Hyphae interact (with itself or with others)
  2. 2 nuclei of different mating types fuse together (diploid)
  3. Meiosis occurs (forms 4 spores)
  4. Mitosis occurs (forms 8 spores, known as ascospores)
26
Q

Aspergillus nidulans (sexual cycle)
* Structure of ascospore

A
  • Ascospores are housed in the ascus
  • Surrounded by Cleistothecium
  • Hulle cells on the surface of cleistothecium
27
Q

Aspergillus nidulans (sexual cycle)
* Does Aspergillus nidulans have sex?

A

No, they have mating types

28
Q

Aspergillus nidulans (asexual cycle)

A
  1. Hyphae forms a type of structure
  2. Mitosis forms haploid spores
  3. Spores can grow anywhere
29
Q

Aspergillus nidulans (asexual cycle)
* What is the structure formed by hyphae known as?

A

Conidiophore

30
Q

Aspergillus nidulans (asexual cycle)
* What are the haploid spores formed by conidiophores known as?

A

Conidium

31
Q

Aspergillus nidulans (parasexual cycle)

A
  1. 2 mating types fuse together (diploid)
  2. Undergo chromosome loss until it becomes haploid again
32
Q

When do fungi undergo sexual reproduction?

A

At a certain threshold when nutrients become somewhat limited and it needs to be more diverse to survive

33
Q

Yeasts
* Proportion of population
* Morphology

A
  • ~1% of described fungi
  • Single celled
34
Q

Types of yeast

A
  1. Fission yeast: Binary fission
  2. Budding yeast: Parent cell where daughter cells bud off
35
Q

Some yeasts are dimorphic, how do they appear?

A

Can switch between yeast phase and a hyphal phase
* Forms pseudohyphae
* Repeated budding forms hyphae like structures

36
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae life cycle

A
  1. Asexual reproduction
  2. Sexual reproduction

(budding yeast)

37
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (asexual reproduction)

A
  1. Two different mating types
  2. Can interchange between mating types
  3. Budding off to form new cells
38
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (asexual reproduction)
* What mating types are there?

A

a and α

39
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sexual reproduction)

A
  1. a and α mating type cells form projections towards each other
  2. Nuclear fusion (diploid, creates a zygote)
  3. Meiosis (creates 4 daughter cells, 2 a and 2 α)
40
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sexual reproduction)
* What are the cells with projections known as?
* What is the process of forming projections known as?

A
  • Schmoo cells
  • “Schmooing”
41
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sexual reproduction)
* Do zygotes always undergo meiosis?

A

They can undergo mitosis and produce more zygotes before undergoing meiosis (in this case, by budding)

42
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sexual reproduction)
* When daughter cells are formed, what is the structure?

A
  • Surrounded by ascus
  • Forms ascospores
43
Q

Schizosaccharomyce Pombe
* Lifecycle types
* Difference from S. cerevisiae

A
  • Asexual + Sexual
  • Undergoes binary fission instead of budding
44
Q

Why do fungus undergo sporulation?

(6)

A
  • Dissemination
  • Reproduction
  • Allows fungus to move to new food source
  • Allows fungus to survive periods of adversity
  • Introduce new genetic combinations into a population
  • Source of inocula for infection
45
Q

What benefits do fungi give us?

(6)

A
  • Nutrient cycling
  • Carbon cycling and climate regulation
  • Nutrition and food security
  • Human health
  • Environmental protection
  • Sustainable materials
46
Q

What is yeast used for in food production?

A
  1. Baking
  2. Making lacoholic beverages
47
Q

What is the the most common yeast used in breadmaking?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

48
Q

What do yeast do in baking and making alcoholic beverages?

A

Ethanol fermentation

49
Q

In breadmaking, what affects the speed of fermentation?

A
  • Increase speed: Sugar and eggs
  • Decrease speed: Fats and salt
50
Q

What happens to the ethanol produced during fermentation in breadmaking?

A

Gets evaporated when bread is baked

51
Q

What types of beers are made by different types of yeast?

A
  • Ale-type beers: Top-fermenting yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae etc.)
  • Lagers: Bottom-fermenting yeast (Saccharomyces pastorianus etc.)
52
Q

How is sparkling wine made?

A

Further adding yeast to the wine when it is bottled
* CO2 formed in this second fermentation is trapped as bubbles

53
Q

What types of cheese require filamentous fungi to make and ripen?

A
  1. Blue-veined cheese (Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Stilton etc.)
  2. Soft-ripened cheese (Brie, Camembert, Humboldt Fog etc.)
54
Q

How was Quorn developed?

A

Believed there would be a shortage of protein-rich foods in 1960s
* Produced commercially from chemostat cultures of mycelium from filamentous fungus

55
Q

What fungus is used to produce mycoprotein (Quorn)?

A

Fusarium venenatum

My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) (30 decks)

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