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My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) > (Section C: Bacteriology) Lecture 18: > Flashcards

(Section C: Bacteriology) Lecture 18: Flashcards

1
Q

3 Domains of Life

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukaryotes
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2
Q

What domains of life are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

Characteristics of Prokayotes

A
  • Small
  • Simple
  • Most abundant cells on Earth
  • Lack a nucleus
  • Lack complex organelles
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4
Q

What do bacteria grow by?

A

Binary Fission

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of growth for bacteria?

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Logarithmic growth phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
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6
Q

What is generation time?

A

Doubling time
* The time needed for one generation

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7
Q

What are the rates of growth for bacteria?

A
  • Some are fast (double in ~10 minutes)
  • Some are slow (double in ~24 hours)
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8
Q

Bacteria Shape

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Rod
  3. Spirillum
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9
Q

What are the 5 types of bacterial classification by O2 utilization?

A
  1. Obligate aerobe
  2. Obligate anaerobe
  3. Facultative anaerobe
  4. Aerotolerant anaerobe
  5. Microaerophile
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10
Q

Bacterial classification by O2 utilization:

Obligate aerobe

A

Requires oxygen for growth

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11
Q

Bacterial classification by O2 utilization:

Oligate anaerobe

A

Oxygen is toxic for growth

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12
Q

Bacterial classification by O2 utilization:

Facultative anaerobe

A

Can use oxygen if present, but can also grow without oxygen

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13
Q

Bacterial classification by O2 utilization:

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

Doesn’t use oxygen but oxygen is not toxic

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14
Q

Bacterial classification by O2 utilization:

Microaerophile

A

Grows best with low levels of oxygen

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15
Q

In taxonomy, what are the three most important groups when talking about bacteria?

A
  • Genus
  • Species
  • Strain
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16
Q

How is genetic diversity of bacteria compared to humans?

A

Human genome is 99.5% identical

Bacteria genomes are very different even in the same species (e.x. E. coli has only 60% identical genome between same species)

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17
Q

What is the main components of a bacterial cellular structure?

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nuceloid
  • Cytoplasmic membrane
  • Cell wall
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18
Q

What comprises of the cell envelope in a bacteria?

A

Cell wall + Cytoplasmic membrane

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19
Q

Who was the Gram Stain named after?

A

Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938)

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20
Q

What are the two types of bacteria in Gram Stain?

A
  • Gram positive = Purple
  • Gram negative = Pink
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21
Q

Compare:

Gram positive vs. Gram negative cell envelope

A

Gram positive:
* Cytoplasmic membrane
* Cell wall outside

Gram negative:
* Cell wall sandwiched between two membranes
* Lipoproteins on the outer membrane

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22
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Describe:

Structure of Peptidoglycan

A

Glycan backbone:
* N-acetlyglucosamine (G)
* N-acetylmuramic acid (M)

Peptide cross-linkage

24
Q

What are defining features and functions of peptidoglycan?

A

Rigid structure
* Prevents osmotic lysis

25
Q

What is lipopolysaccharide?

A

An endotoxin

26
Q

O-specific polysaccharide

A

Also called O-antigen
* Antigenic
* Highly variable

27
Q

Lipid A

A

Disaccharide with fatty acid groupos
* Recognized by innate immune system, causes septic shock
* Part of LPS

28
Q

How is a nucleoid different from a nucleus?

A
  • No surrounding membrane
  • Single, circular chromosomes (not all bacteria)
  • Haploid genomes
29
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

One set of chromosomes

30
Q

Plasmids

A
  • Extra-chromosomal genetic elements
  • Usually not required for bacterial growth
31
Q

What do plasmids encode for?

A

Often encode for ‘fitness’ factors (e.g. antibiotic resistance)

32
Q

True or False:

Plasmids stay with one bacteria

A

False, they can be transferred from bacteria to bacteria

33
Q

What are the 3 forms of host-microbe relationships?

A
  1. Commensalism
  2. Mutualism
  3. Parasitism
34
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits without helping or hurting the other

35
Q

Mutualism

A

Both benefit (the host and the microbe)

36
Q

Parasitism

A

One benefits (usually the microbe) at the expense of the other (usually the host)

37
Q

What factors will make a bacterial pathogen successful?

A
  • Colonization
  • Invasion/toxicity
  • Immune evasion
  • Transmission
38
Q

Virulence factors

A

Produced by pathogens
* Molecules produced by the pathogen that contribute to disease

39
Q

What are virulence factors categorized into?

A
  1. Surface
  2. Secreted
40
Q

Examples:

Surface virulence factors

A
  • LPS (endotoxin)
  • Flagella
  • Pili and adhesins
  • Capsules
  • Secretion systems
41
Q

Examples:

Secreted virulence factors

A

Exotoxins

42
Q

What do flagella allow bacteria to do?

A

Allows some bacteria to be motile (chemotaxis)

43
Q

How will a bacteria move depending on the flagella?

A
  • Counterclockwise flagella rotation: Causes run (move forward)
  • Clockwise flagella rotation: Causes tumble (turning)
44
Q

When will bacteria have directed movement?

A

When an attractant is present

45
Q

What are pili used for?

A

Attachment to:
* Surfaces
* Host tissue
* Other bacteria

46
Q

Describe:

Capsules

A

Usually made of (exo)polysaccharides
* Forms biofilms
* Can sometimes used in vaccines

47
Q

What do capsules do?

A
  • Attachment to host tissues
  • Protection from host immune system
48
Q

What are the 5 stages of biofilm formation and development?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Microcolony development
  3. Biofilm development
  4. Maturation
  5. DIssolution/Disperal (allows for spread of bacteria from the biofilm)
49
Q

What are endospores?

A

Highly differentiated cells formed within the parent cell

50
Q

What are characteristics of endospores?

A

High resistant to:
* Heat
* Harsh chemicals
* Radiation

51
Q

True or False:

Endospores are active

A

False, they are a “dormant” stage of the life cycle

52
Q

Where are endospores most common in?

A
  • Soil
  • Bacillus and Clostridium genera
53
Q

What are exotoxins secreted from bacteria?

A
  1. Hemolysins
  2. Toxins that function inside host cells
  3. Extracellular enzymes
  4. Superantigens
54
Q

What can exotoxins be used for?

A

Inactivated exotoxins can be used as vaccines

55
Q

How can some bacteria become intracellular pathogens?

A
  1. Taken up and survive within phagocytic cells
  2. ‘Force’ their own uptake into epithelial cells
  3. Allows bacteria to hide from different components of the immune system

My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) (30 decks)

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