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My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) > (Section A: Virology) Lecture 06: Viral Pathogenesis > Flashcards

(Section A: Virology) Lecture 06: Viral Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why is skin not a good host?

A

Because it’s dead
* Not useful for virus replication

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2
Q

What are inapparent infections?

A

Infection occurs but there are no symptoms

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3
Q

What case study was used for the inapparent infection?

A

1999 West Nile Virus (WNV) in NYC
* 80% didn’t know they were infected (could transmit it through blood donations etc.)

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4
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree show?

A

Shows cluster genomes, similar/related genomes

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5
Q

What was the NYC-1999 WNV most related to?

A

Israel-1998 WNV

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6
Q

How was it discovered that mosquitoes can transmit disease?

A

Reed Commision (1901)
* Infected mosquitoes were brought to bite people
* People died = Infected with disease

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7
Q

Define:

Viral Pathogenesis

A
  1. Viruses spread to organs via bloodstream
  2. Virus spreads outside due to various methods (excretion etc.)
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8
Q

How does viral pathogenesis occur?

A

Cell must be permissive and susceptive

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9
Q

To produce a disease, what must happen?

A
  1. Effects of viral replication
  2. Effects of host response

Together, a disease occurs

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10
Q

Describe:

Fenner Experiment

A
  • Injected mousepox into footpads of mouse
  • 7-11 days after, the foot swells, rashes and ulcers appear on foot and surface of animal
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11
Q

Define:

Viremia

A

Presence of virions in the blood

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12
Q

Define:

Primary viremia

A

Progeny virions released in blood after initial replication at the site of entry

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13
Q

Define:

Secondary Viremia

A

Delayed appearance of virions in the blood, spread of virions from secondarily infected tissues

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14
Q

Describe:

Primary and secondary viremia in mousepox

A

Primary: Release of virions into lymph nodes
Secondary: Release of virions into bloodstream

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15
Q

List:

Entry points for viruses

A
  • Conjunctiva
  • Respiratory tract (muscosal lining)
  • Alimentary tract (mucosal lining)
  • Urogenital tract (mucosal lining)
  • Skin
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16
Q

What qualities of skin make it a bad host for viruses?

A
  1. Acidic environment (5.0-5.5 pH)
  2. Anti-viral peptides are present
  3. Dry environment
17
Q

How can viruses enter the body through the skin?

A

When the epidermis (outer layer) of skin is punctured, the dermis is exposed to infection by viruses

18
Q

Describe:

Entry through Respiratory Tract

(use a virus as an example)

A

Virus enters via aerosolized droplets or through saliva
* E.x. Rhinoviruses (common cold), influenza
* The lung has 140 m^2 of area, giving viruses a chance of entering the body
* The body isn’t dumb, it has mucous to line linings to prevent infection

19
Q

Describe:

Entry through alimentary tract

(Use 2 viruses for example)

A

Can go down with food
* E.x. Reoviruses (causes gastroenteritis)

Can enter through lower alimentary tract
* E.x. HIV

20
Q

What must a virus be like in order to enter the body through the upper alimentary tract?

A
  • Must be able to survive acidic environments and proteases
21
Q

Why can’t HIV enter through upper alimentary tract?

A

HIV is an enveloped virus, it cannot survive the tough conditions

22
Q

Why can reoviruses survive going through the upper alimentary tract?

A

They are like “onions”
* Many layers, helps keep them through the acidic environment and into the intestine before releasing genome

23
Q

Describe:

Entry through urogenital pathway

(Use a virus as an example)

A

Usually occurs through sexual intercourse
* E.x. Retroviruses (HIV), Human papillomavirus (HPV)

24
Q

What offers protection against viruses in the urogenital tract?

A

Mucus linings and the pH of the environment both offer protection

25
Q

What viruses can enter through conjunctiva? What is a defense mechanism?

A

Adenoviruses
* Blinking is a mechanism to wipe away foreign objects and prevent infections in the eye

26
Q

Define:

Virus Shedding

A

The release of virions from an infected individual

27
Q

What are methods that viruses can shed through?

A
  • Aerosol secretions (coughing, talking, sneezing)
  • Feces
  • Blood
  • Milk
  • Urine, semen
  • Skin lesion
28
Q

What viruses can be transmitted through skin lesions?

A

Herpes simplex

29
Q

True or False:

Viral transmission has to occur in one species

A

False, it can be intra- or interspecies

30
Q

What are qualities of non-enveloped viruses that methods that they are transmitted through?

A
  • Hardy
  • Transmitted through repiratory and alimentary methods
  • Transmitted through fomites
31
Q

Define:

Fomite

A

Objects contaminated with viruses

32
Q

What are qualities of enveloped viruses that make them hard to transmit? What methods can they transmit?

A
  • Fragile
  • Sensitive to low pH
  • Mostly transmitted through aerosol transmission
33
Q

List:

Modes of Transmission

A
  1. Iatrogenic
  2. Nosocomial
  3. Vertical
  4. Germline
  5. Horizontal
34
Q

Define:

Iatrogenic transmission

A

Transmitted by healthcare worker, direct contact (eg. after a surgery)

35
Q

Define:

Nosocomial transmission

A

Transmitted in a hospital setting, not necessarily through direct contact

36
Q

Define:

Vertical transmission

A

Transmitted from parent to offspring

37
Q

Define:

Germline transmission

A

Transmitted through genetics (genomic transfer)

38
Q

Define:

Horizontal Transmission

A

Transmitted in the same species (not any above the previous mentioned scenarios)

39
Q

Describe:

The case study that Dr. Dikeakos showed about transmission

A

Puglia, Italy
* Celebrates a holiday by eating raw shellfish
* Fishers poop in the water during long fishing trips
* Fishers are infected with hepatovirus (hepatitis A), transmitted to shellfish
* Transmitted to customers purchasing shellfish

My Packs: (UWO) (MICROIMM 2500) (30 decks)

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