Section 3: Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
Where does action potential happen?
A
Happens in excitable tissue (muscle, neurons)
2
Q
Consist of neural cells and glial cells. 
A
Neural tissue
3
Q
A specialized cell that can rapidly communicate (Chemical and electrical)
A
Neuron 
4
Q
What are the main parts of a typical neuron?
A
- dendrites
- Soma (perikaryon)
- Axon Hillock
- Axon
- Axon terminals
5
Q
The receiving end of a neuron but also soma (many and short)
A
Dendrites
(Ligand channels are found here)
6
Q
The main cell body of a neuron where the nucleus and organelles are found (like a torso) 
A
Soma (perikaryon)
Ligand-gated channels are found here
7
Q
The part of the neuron where the action potential starts
A
Axon hillock
highest concentration of voltage gated channels are here
8
Q
Where is the highest concentration of voltage gated channels found?
A
Axon hillock
9
Q
Single, The output of the neuron
A
Axon
Voltage gated channels are found here (basis of AP) but more are found on the axon hillock area 
10
Q
….
Output side of the neuron
A
Axon terminals
11
Q
What does synapses litterally mean?
A
To come together
12
Q
What is the function of synapses?
A
For neurons to “talk” to other neurons or effector cells mainly through chemical synapses?
13
Q
A signaling ion that must be released to contract muscles.
It tells the ——— to carry it?
A
Calcium
14
Q
What are the events of signal transmission at a chemical synapse?***
A
- action potentials arrive at axon terminal
- voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
- Ca2+ enters the cell
- Ca2+ binds to the vesicle
- vesicle moves to the membrane
- docked vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
- neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic clef and binds to receptor
- binding of neurotransmitter to receptor activate signal transduction pathways
15
Q
A bundle of axons together is called
A
A nerve
Neurons are NOT the same as nerves
16
Q
- The integration Center
- includes the brain and spinal cord
- higher order functions such as memory, learning and intelligence
A
Central nervous system
17
Q
The peripheral nervous system includes what two divisions?
A
- Afferent division
- efferent division (going to effector organs to cause movement or secretion)
18
Q
What does the efferent division include?
A
- somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle)
- Autonomic nervous system [parasympathetic and sympathetic division] that both lead to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
19
Q
What does the afferent division include?
A
- special sensory receptors (smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing)
- visceral sensory receptors (not super aware of these, Breathing, blood pressure, pH signals)
- somatic sensory receptors (body sensations such as skeletal muscles, joints, skin services, touch, pressure, pain and temperature) 
20
Q
What does the forebrain/telencephalon include? 
A
Cerebellum (cerebral cortex), basal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus
21
Q
What does forebrain/Diencephalon include?
A
Thalamus and hypothalamus
22
Q
What does the hindbrain include?
A
- cerebellum
- pons
- Medulla oblongata
23
Q
Used for info processing
A
Cerebrum/cerebral cortex
Part of the forebrain: telencephalon
24
Q
Movement coordination
A
Basal nuclei
Part of the forebrain/telencephalon
25
 part of the brain used for emotions
Amygdala
| Part of the forebrain/telencephalon
26
Part of the brain used for a memory
Hippocampus
| Part of the forebrain/telencephalon
27
Area of the brain used for relay of sensory info (all sensory accepts smell)
Thalamus
| Part of the forebrain/diencephalon
28
Area of the rain used for a homeostatic regulation. 20 different sub areas function between neural, endocrine system also reward center
Hypothalamus
| Forebrain/diencephalon
29
Area of the brain used to process visual and auditory cues
Reflexes
Midbrain
30
Area of the brain used for posture and coordinated movement. When damaged can cause intention Tremor
It compares what actually happened to what the plan was
Cerebellum
| Part of the hindbrain
31
Part of the brain involved in regulation of breathing. Involves chemoreceptors
Pons
| Part of the hindbrain
32
Area of the brain involved in autonomic functions like heart rate, blood pressure, breathing (snesory ques from danger)
Medulla oblongata
33
What does the frontal lobe include?
responsible for cultural norms and behaviors
- Prefrontal cortex
- premotor cortex
- primary motor complex
- Brocas area
34
Part of the frontal lobe used for thoughts, planning, psychology
Prefrontal cortex
| Part of the frontal lobe
35
Part of the frontal lobe where neurons begin to fire, determines what your body going to do
Premotor cortex
| Part of the frontal love
36
Part of the frontal lobe where neurons send axons down to tell muscles what to do. Axons that talk to each other or send down 
Primary motor cortex
| Part of the frontal lobe
37
Area of the frontal lobe used for speech language, fine control
Brocas area
| Part of the frontal lobe
38
This is where all sensory info about your body goes first like pain, temperature, pressure
Map of the areas right and left. If left side is damaged the body recognizes only right side
Somatosensory cortex
| This is part of the parietal lobe
39
Neural info is combined by other sensory info (associated together) example include site plus movementof a bear to indicate danger
Sensory association areas
| This is part of the parietal lobe
40
Area of the brain that produces the image. Opposite sides see right to left brain. 
Visual cortex
| Part of the occipital lobe
41
Area of the brain that integrates with everything else
Visual association areas
| Part of the occipital lobe
42
The part of the brain where sound goes first
Auditory cortex
| Part of the temporal lobe
43
Area of the brain used for smell
Olfactory cortex
| Part of the temporal lobe
44
Area of the brain that stores language association.
| What word you use is sent to Brocas area
Wernicke’s Area
| Part of the temporal lobe
45
Area of the brain used for emotions, sex drive, happy, anger
Limbic association areas including:
| Amygdala and hippocampus
46
Nerves of the spinal cord emerge ________ as _______.
Laterally, pairs 
47
The spinal cord is mixed with afferent and Efferent information.
____________ info is carried to brain in ascending tracts of __________ (just axons). Info to control effectors (efferent info -muscles and glands-) relayed from brain to motor neurons via descending tracts in white matter.
Affarent, white matter 
48
The autonomic nervous system has both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branch going to the same spots this is called…
Dual innervation and it is antagonistic
49
Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic emerge from on the spine?
Sympathetic emerges from thoracic area
| Parasympathetic emerges from the cervical and the distal end of the spine
50
What happens in fight or flight?
Sympathetic goes up and parasympathetic goes down
| This causes increased heart rate and breathing
51
What is the activation and deactivation of autonomic‘s meant for?
To adjust metabolism to the appropriate level
52
Each division of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system includes _____ neurons to each location
2
53
What is the main cranial nerve in the parasympathetic division?
Cranial nerve X (10)
54
Dual innervation of the autonomic nervous system includes…
The sympathetic and parasympathetic division
Most organs receive input from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
55
The ____________ nervous system has a long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron, while the _________ System has a short preganglionic neuron and a long postganglionic neuron
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
56
Cluster of neuron soma outside the central nervous system
Ganglia
57
In both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine will bind to _____________ (excitatory) in the ganglia of the PNS

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor
58
What is secreted in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in the postganglionic Area? 
What receptor receives it?
Sympathetic: Norepinephrine, adrenergic receptor on effector organ
Parasympathetic: acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic recpetor on the effector organ.
In both systems this acts on smooth or cardiac muscle, and glands

59
what do catecholamines include?
- dopamine
- norepinephrine=noradrenaline
- epinephrine= adrenaline (from adrenal gland)
Adregenic rexptors???
60
•Autonomic (effecernt) has ____ neurons
•somatic has _____ neuron that extends from central nervous system to the muscle. It controls skeletal muscle, it is voluntary, and the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine to Nicotinic cholinergic receptors (same receptors as autonomic?)
2, 1
61
Axons of motor neurons extend from the spinal cord to the muscle. There each ask on divides into a number of axon terminals that form _____________ with muscle fibers scattered throughout the muscle
Neuromuscular junctions (One per muscle fiber)
62
Afferent neurons form the _____ subdivision of the peripheral nervous system providing the central nervous system with information and it can use to integrate to produce a response
3rd
63
Integrated functions of the nervous system include…
* reflex: automatic patterned response to a stimulus
* reaction: response to a single input (informationally) but requires consciousness
* higher order processing: plan of action, multiple choices
64
In the end, control of the effectors is the control of…
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
