Endocrine System Flashcards
Hypothalamus
Hormone: releasing and inhibiting hormones
Target tissue: anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Principal actions: stimulus or inhibit secretion of specific hormones
Growth hormone (GH)
Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: most tissues in the body
Principal actions: stimulates growth by promoting proteins synthesis
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 
Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: thyroid gland
Principal actions: increases secretion of thyroid hormone; increases the size of the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: adrenal cortex
Principal actions: increases secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Comes from the anterior lobe of the pituitary
Target tissue: ovarian follicles in the female; seminiferous tubules in male
Principal actions: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in the female; spermatogenesis in the male 
Luteinizing hormone (LH); called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males 

Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: ovary and females, testis in males
Principal actions: ovulation; progesterone produced in female; testosterone production in male
Prolactin
Comes from anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: mammary gland
Principal actions:  stimulates milk production
Used for storage of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (both are made in the hypothalamus)
Posterior lobe of pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stored in the posterior lobe of pituitary but synthesized in hypothalamus
Target tissue: kidney
Principal actions: increase water reabsorption (decrease water lost in urine)
Oxytocin
Stored in posterior lobe of pituitary but synthesize in hypothalamus
Target tissue: uterus; mammary gland
Principal actions: increase uterine contractions; stimulate ejection of milk from mammary gland 
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine 
Comes from the thyroid gland
Target tissue: most body cells
Principal actions: increase metabolic rate, essential for normal growth and development
Calcitonin
Comes from the thyroid gland
Target tissue: primarily bone
Principal actions: decrease blood calcium by inhibiting bone breakdown and release of calcium, antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone
Comes from the parathyroid gland
Target tissue: bone, kidney, digestive track
Principal actions:  increase blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown and release of calcium, increases calcium absorption in the digestive track, decreases calcium lost in urine
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Comes from the adrenal cortex
Target tissue: kidney
Principal actions: increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in kidney tubules, increases water retention
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) 
Comes from the adrenal cortex

Target tissue: most body tissues
Principal actions: increases blood glucose levels, inhibits inflammation and immune response
Androgens and estrogens
Produced in some amounts by The adrenal cortex?
Target tissue: most body tissues
Principal actions: secreted in small amounts, effect is generally mask by the hormones from the ovaries and testes
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Comes from the adrenal medulla
Target tissue: heart, blood vessels, liver, adipose tissue
Principal actions: helps cope with stress, increases heart rate and blood pressure, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, increases blood glucose
Glucagon
Comes from pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
 Target tissue: liver
Principal actions: increases breakdown of glycogen to increase blood glucose levels
Insulin
Comes from the pancreas (islet of Langerhans)
Target tissue: General but especially liver, skeletal
Principal actions: decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake and utilization of glucose by cells
Also??? Muscle, adipose tissue…. Stimulates glucose storage as glycogen and production of adipose tissue?
Testosterone
Comes from the testes
Target tissue: most body cells
Principal actions:  Matturation and maintenance of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
Estrogens
Comes from the ovaries
Target tissue: most body cells
Principal actions:  maturation and maintenance of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle
Progesterone
Produced by the ovaries
 Target tissue: uterus and breast
Principal actions: prepares uterus for pregnancy, stimulates development of mammary glands, menstrual cycle
Melatonin
Produced by the pineal gland
Target tissue: hypothalamus
Principal actions: inhibits gonadotropin releasing hormone, which consequently inhibits reproductive functions, regulates daily rhythms, such as sleep and wakefulness
Thymosin
Produced by the thymus
Target tissue: tissues involved in immune response
Principal actions:  immune system development and function
What are the modes of chemical signaling?
- paracrines
- autocrines
- Neurotransmitters
- hormones
Chemical signaling where it signals to a nearby cell, chemical through fluid.
What are two subdivisions?
Paracrines
- Autocrine (acts on self)
- neurotransmitters (neuron is the secretory cell) 

Chemical signaling via blood stream to act on a distant Target
Subset?
Hormones
Subset is neurohormone (secreted by a neuron)
Amino acids
hydrophilic
Target cell has receptors on the plasma membrane
Functional classification: Neurotransmitters
Amines
Hydrophilic
Receptors on Plasma membrane of Target cell
Functional classification: Paraprins, auto crin, neurotransmitters, hormones
Peptides/proteins
Hydrophilic
Receptors on plasma membrane of Target cell
Functional classification: paracrine‘s, autocrine‘s, Neurotransmitters, hormones
Steroids
Hydrophobic
Receptors are are in the cystosl of Target‘s cells
Functional classification: hormones
Eicosanoids
Hydrophobic
Receptors in the cystosol of target cells
Functional classification: paracrines 
What are the main two amino acids for neural communication?
Glutamate- excitatory, moves membrane potential up
GABA- inhibitory, moves membrane potential down
Amines are derived from amino acids and include…
- Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, Epinephrine)
- histamine
- thyroid hormones (hydrophobic)
What are some of the main proteins/peptides
They are hundreds of these
- growth hormone
- prolactin
- ADH
Main steroids?
- cortisol
- aldosterone
- sex hormones
What are two eicosanoids?
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotriens 
What are the steps in a signal transduction mechanism for hydrophobic messengers?
- diffusion
- cytoplasmic receptor
- hormone receptor complex
- hormone response element —->mRNA
- Ribosome to proteins that then produce cellular response
What are the steps in signal transduction mechanism for hydrophilic messengers?
- Signal molecule
- receptor/reception
- transduction (relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway/cascade)
- response (activation of cellular response)
What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine organs?
Primary endocrine organs primary job is to secrete hormones
Secondary endocrine organs primary function is not hormone function (ex: vitamin D production in the skin)
What are the two master glands?
Hypothalamus and pituitary glands
This stimulates secretion of another hormone downstream (Cascade event)
Tropic hormone
A cluster of nerves in the PNS
Ganglia
What is a portal system?
Two capillary beds in series
Two different jobs for each capillary bed

The ________ pituitary is an upward growth, not physically connected just really close but has separate tissue from the hypothalamus
The ________ pituitary has a downward growth and is connected to the hypothalamus
Anterior
Posterior
The hypothalamus has a ________ & ________ (cells secrete ADH) nucleus.
And also has what type of cells?
Supraoptic, paraventricular
neurosecretory cells
What are some tropic hormones?
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH 
What is the difference between a primary and secondary secretion disorder?
Primary secretion disorder- The endocrine gland is the problem
Secondary secretion disorder- The problem is the hypothalamus or the pituitary
