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Animal Physiology 4460 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormone: releasing and inhibiting hormones
Target tissue: anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Principal actions: stimulus or inhibit secretion of specific hormones

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2
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: most tissues in the body
Principal actions: stimulates growth by promoting proteins synthesis

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3
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 

A

Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary

Target tissue: thyroid gland
Principal actions: increases secretion of thyroid hormone; increases the size of the thyroid gland

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4
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: adrenal cortex
Principal actions: increases secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially glucocorticoids, such as cortisol

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5
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Comes from the anterior lobe of the pituitary
Target tissue: ovarian follicles in the female; seminiferous tubules in male
Principal actions: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in the female; spermatogenesis in the male 

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6
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH); called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males 

A


Comes from the anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: ovary and females, testis in males
Principal actions: ovulation; progesterone produced in female; testosterone production in male

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7
Q

Prolactin

A

Comes from anterior lobe of pituitary
Target tissue: mammary gland
Principal actions:  stimulates milk production

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8
Q

Used for storage of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (both are made in the hypothalamus)

A

Posterior lobe of pituitary

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9
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Stored in the posterior lobe of pituitary but synthesized in hypothalamus
Target tissue: kidney
Principal actions: increase water reabsorption (decrease water lost in urine)

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10
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stored in posterior lobe of pituitary but synthesize in hypothalamus
Target tissue: uterus; mammary gland
Principal actions: increase uterine contractions; stimulate ejection of milk from mammary gland 

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11
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine 

A

Comes from the thyroid gland

Target tissue: most body cells
Principal actions: increase metabolic rate, essential for normal growth and development

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12
Q

Calcitonin

A

Comes from the thyroid gland

Target tissue: primarily bone
Principal actions: decrease blood calcium by inhibiting bone breakdown and release of calcium, antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

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13
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone

A

Comes from the parathyroid gland

Target tissue: bone, kidney, digestive track
Principal actions:  increase blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown and release of calcium, increases calcium absorption in the digestive track, decreases calcium lost in urine

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14
Q

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Comes from the adrenal cortex

Target tissue: kidney
Principal actions: increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in kidney tubules, increases water retention

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15
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) 

A

Comes from the adrenal cortex

Target tissue: most body tissues
Principal actions: increases blood glucose levels, inhibits inflammation and immune response

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16
Q

Androgens and estrogens

A

Produced in some amounts by The adrenal cortex?
Target tissue: most body tissues
Principal actions: secreted in small amounts, effect is generally mask by the hormones from the ovaries and testes

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17
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

A

Comes from the adrenal medulla
Target tissue: heart, blood vessels, liver, adipose tissue
Principal actions: helps cope with stress, increases heart rate and blood pressure, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, increases blood glucose

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18
Q

Glucagon

A

Comes from pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
 Target tissue: liver
Principal actions: increases breakdown of glycogen to increase blood glucose levels

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19
Q

Insulin

A

Comes from the pancreas (islet of Langerhans)

Target tissue: General but especially liver, skeletal
Principal actions: decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake and utilization of glucose by cells

Also??? Muscle, adipose tissue…. Stimulates glucose storage as glycogen and production of adipose tissue?

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20
Q

Testosterone

A

Comes from the testes
Target tissue: most body cells
Principal actions:  Matturation and maintenance of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

21
Q

Estrogens

A

Comes from the ovaries
Target tissue: most body cells
Principal actions:  maturation and maintenance of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle

22
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced by the ovaries
 Target tissue: uterus and breast
Principal actions: prepares uterus for pregnancy, stimulates development of mammary glands, menstrual cycle

23
Q

Melatonin

A

Produced by the pineal gland

Target tissue: hypothalamus
Principal actions: inhibits gonadotropin releasing hormone, which consequently inhibits reproductive functions, regulates daily rhythms, such as sleep and wakefulness

24
Q

Thymosin

A

Produced by the thymus
Target tissue: tissues involved in immune response
Principal actions:  immune system development and function

25
Q

What are the modes of chemical signaling?

A
  • paracrines
  • autocrines
  • Neurotransmitters
  • hormones
26
Q

Chemical signaling where it signals to a nearby cell, chemical through fluid.
What are two subdivisions?

A

Paracrines

  • Autocrine (acts on self)
  • neurotransmitters (neuron is the secretory cell) 



27
Q

Chemical signaling via blood stream to act on a distant Target

Subset?

A

Hormones

Subset is neurohormone (secreted by a neuron)

28
Q

Amino acids

A

hydrophilic
Target cell has receptors on the plasma membrane
Functional classification: Neurotransmitters

29
Q

Amines

A

Hydrophilic
Receptors on Plasma membrane of Target cell
Functional classification: Paraprins, auto crin, neurotransmitters, hormones

30
Q

Peptides/proteins

A

Hydrophilic
Receptors on plasma membrane of Target cell
Functional classification: paracrine‘s, autocrine‘s, Neurotransmitters, hormones

31
Q

Steroids

A

Hydrophobic
Receptors are are in the cystosl of Target‘s cells
Functional classification: hormones

32
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Hydrophobic
Receptors in the cystosol of target cells
Functional classification: paracrines 

33
Q

What are the main two amino acids for neural communication?

A

Glutamate- excitatory, moves membrane potential up

GABA- inhibitory, moves membrane potential down

34
Q

Amines are derived from amino acids and include…

A
  • Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, Epinephrine)
  • histamine
  • thyroid hormones (hydrophobic)
35
Q

What are some of the main proteins/peptides

A

They are hundreds of these

  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • ADH
36
Q

Main steroids?

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • sex hormones
37
Q

What are two eicosanoids?

A
  • Prostaglandins

- Leukotriens 

38
Q

What are the steps in a signal transduction mechanism for hydrophobic messengers?

A
  • diffusion
  • cytoplasmic receptor
  • hormone receptor complex
  • hormone response element —->mRNA
  • Ribosome to proteins that then produce cellular response
39
Q

What are the steps in signal transduction mechanism for hydrophilic messengers?

A
  • Signal molecule
  • receptor/reception
  • transduction (relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway/cascade)
  • response (activation of cellular response)
40
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine organs?

A

Primary endocrine organs primary job is to secrete hormones

Secondary endocrine organs primary function is not hormone function (ex: vitamin D production in the skin)

41
Q

What are the two master glands?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands

42
Q

This stimulates secretion of another hormone downstream (Cascade event)

A

Tropic hormone

43
Q

A cluster of nerves in the PNS

A

Ganglia

44
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two capillary beds in series
Two different jobs for each capillary bed


45
Q

The ________ pituitary is an upward growth, not physically connected just really close but has separate tissue from the hypothalamus

The ________ pituitary has a downward growth and is connected to the hypothalamus

A

Anterior

Posterior

46
Q

The hypothalamus has a ________ & ________ (cells secrete ADH) nucleus.
And also has what type of cells?

A

Supraoptic, paraventricular

neurosecretory cells

47
Q

What are some tropic hormones?

A

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH 

48
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary secretion disorder?

A

Primary secretion disorder- The endocrine gland is the problem
Secondary secretion disorder- The problem is the hypothalamus or the pituitary

Animal Physiology 4460 (14 decks)

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