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Animal Physiology 4460 > Fluid Balance: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Fluid Balance: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Reservoir for blood pressure

A

Large arteries

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2
Q

Resistance vessels to regulate blood flow into capillaries (Microsopic)

A

Arterioles

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3
Q

Exchange vessels

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Reservoir for blood volume. 60 to 70% of blood volume

A

Venules/veins 

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5
Q

Blood is a ________ tissue 

A

Connective

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6
Q

(within the systemic circuit) 

Arteries to other arteries are parallel or series?

A

Parallel

Series: arteries to arterioles to capillaries to veins

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7
Q

Why is parallel flow to other organs important?

A

1) and shows that story and gets appropriate “nutrition”
2) each organ “sees” The same pressure head (allows blood pressure regulation at the systemic (city) level
3) this allows organs to independently regulate blood flow

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8
Q

Blood pressure is regulated at the ________ level, whereas blood flow is regulated at the ________ level.

A

Systemic, tissue

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9
Q

The heart is located in the mediastinum in the __________ cavity

A

Thoracic

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10
Q

What layers does the pericardium include?

A
  • Viseral pericardium (closest to heart)
  • Pericardial space (fluid filled)
  • parietal pericardium
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11
Q

What is the pressure on the right and left side of the heart?

A

Right - 20 mmHg

Left - 90 mmHg

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12
Q

What is the thin epithelial layer of the heart?

A

Endocardium

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13
Q

What is the muscle part of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue part of the heart?

A

Epicardium a.k.a. visceral pericardium? 

Outside part of heart, closet to heart

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15
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Tricuspid (right)

- bicuspid/mitral (left) 

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16
Q

Also known as heart strings. Connects to AV valves and hold them in place, connected to the papillary muscles on the other end

A

Chordae tendineae

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17
Q

Muscles in the ventricles, Connect to the cusps of the valves via the chordae tendineae

A
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18
Q

What are the two semilunar valves between ventricles and the main arteries?

A
  1. Aortic

2. Pulmonary

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19
Q

What causes the lub dub sounds of the heart?

A

“Lub”- sound of turbulent flow when the AV valves closes

“Dub”- sound of turbulent flow when semilunar valves close

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20
Q

How are cardiac myocytes organized?

A

Connected end-to-end

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21
Q

Channels that form direct coupling of scaroplasm (cytoplasm)

A

Gap junctions

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22
Q

Connects adjacent cardiac muscle cells

A

Intercollated discs

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23
Q

Types of cardiac myocytes

A
  1. Autorhythmic cells
    a. Pacemaker cells*
    b. Conduction cells
  2. Contractile cells*
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24
Q

What determines heart rate?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

25
Q

Atria and ventricles are electrically ____________ except through the AV node

A

Uncoupled

-AV node delays signal spread into ventricle

26
Q

 pacemaker cells are myogenic meaning…..

A

It’s a nervless process. Happens on its own without neural input

27
Q

Peacemaker cell action potential is about 400 times _________ then action potential seen in a neural cell

A

Slower

28
Q

What are the two parts of the “pacemaker potential”?

A
  • funny channel

* T type Ca++ channel 

29
Q

Voltage gate Na+ channel, opens when voltage becomes more negative than threshold

A

Funny channel

  • opens when it goes BELOW Threshold, (opposite of usual)
30
Q

Pacemaker action potential:

What happens at the depolarization and repolarization phase?

A

depolarization phase: opening L-type Ca++ channels

Repolarization phase: opening of K + channels and closure of L-type  Ca++ channels

31
Q

Characteristics of contractile cell action potential…

A
  • can change a membrane potential by opening or closing a channel
  • threshold is activated by neighboring cells
32
Q

What are the phases of contractile cell action potential?

A
  • Phase 0: rapid depolarization phase Dash voltage gated Na+ that regulate this
  • phase 1: closure of the V-gated Na+ channels (brief repolarization)
  • phase 2: Plateau- dependent on open L •type Ca++ channels (going in), Open V-gated K+ channels (going out of cell)
  • phase 3: Repolarization phase, closed L-type Ca++, K+ channels still open
  • phase 4: resting
33
Q

What is the significance of the plateau phase of contractile cell action potential?

A

This lengthens the refractory period and prevents tetanus of cardiac muscle

34
Q

Pressure is always determined by….

A

Volume and concentration

35
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac contractile cells is similar to Skeletal muscle but calcium comes from what three sources?

A
  • neighboring cells
  • extra cellular fluid
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
36
Q

What are the steps in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac contractile cells?

A
  1. Current spreads through gap junctions to contractile cell
  2. Action potentials travel along plasma membrane and T tubules
  3. Calcium channels open in plasma membrane and SR
  4. Calcium induces calcium release from SR***
  5. Calcium binds to troponin, exposing myosin binding sites
  6. Crossbridge cycle begins (muscle fiber contracts)
  7. Calcium is actively transported back into the SR and ECF***
  8. Tropomyosin blocks myosin-binding sites (muscle fiber relaxes) 
37
Q

All events in the heart during one beat to the next

A

Cardiac cycle

38
Q

Atrial and ventricular systole and diastole are….

A

Not in sync

39
Q

How is stroke volume (volume ejected)calculated?

A

SV = EDV-ESV

40
Q

Blood flow out of the heart each minute.

A

Cardiac output (CO)

Cardiac output ALWAYS changes in accordance with metabolic demand

41
Q

How is cardiac output calculated? 

A

CO= HR x SV

42
Q

Does parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve determine heart rate?

A

Both!

SA node determines heart rate, both parasympathetic and sympathetic control the SA node

43
Q

What nerve controls the strength of heart contractions/contractile cells? 

A

Sympathetic cardiac nerve

44
Q

What inhibits funny and T-type channels? What opens them?

A

Parasympathetic (NT—>Ach), decreases slope of pacemaker potential

Sympathetic of the ANS (NT —> NE), increases slope of pacemaker potential

45
Q

What can also increase heart rate by epinephrine from adrenal and B1 receptor

A

Hormones

46
Q

The volume pumped out in each beat

A

Stroke volume

SV = EDV-ESV

47
Q

What measures cardiac efficiency?

A

Ejection fraction (EF)

EF = SV/EDV x 100

48
Q

What factors control or determine SV?

A
  1. EDV (aka preload)
  2. Cardiac contractibility
  3. Aortic pressure (aka Afterload) 
49
Q

What’s Frank Starling‘s law of the heart?

A

The heart pumps the blood it receives

  • most important for making adjustments for SV
50
Q

An increase in EDV causes stroke volume to ________

A

Increase

51
Q

What determines EDV?

A

Venous return (VR): volume that returns to the heart, flow (ml/min) from resistance and pressure

52
Q

What determines VR?

A

Central venous pressure (CVP): pressure that is in large veins relative to the right atrial pressure

53
Q

What determines central venous pressure (CVP)?

A
  • blood volume
  • respiratory pump (inspiration —> blood is drawn into the thorax, expiration blood is pushed into the heart)
  • muscle pump
  • Venus contraction (decrease venous compliance) aka venomotor tone
54
Q

What increases venomotor tone/ decreases compliance?

A
  •  sympathetic (NE)

- Epinephrine from the adrenal gland

55
Q

What is the effect of contractability on SV?

A

Increased contractibility makes the heart more efficient

56
Q

What factors increase contractibility?

A
  • NE at B1 receptors in contractile cells of myocardium

- hormone: Epi From adrenal. Same as NE

57
Q

How does aortic pressure (Afterload) effect SV?

A

Increased aortic pressure decreases SV

Decreased aerotic pressure increases SV

58
Q

A decrease in arterial pressure (Afterload) …. __________ stroke volume

A

Increases

Animal Physiology 4460 (14 decks)

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