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Animal Physiology 4460 > Blood Flow, Pressure, Capillary exchange > Flashcards

Blood Flow, Pressure, Capillary exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average cardiac output at rest?

A

5 L a minute

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2
Q

Blood is about ____% plasma and

_____% erythrocytes 

A

60, 45

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3
Q

The Buffy coat is about ____% of whole blood volume.

What does the Buffy coat consist of?

A

1

Leukocytes and platelets

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4
Q

Total cardiac output can go up but same fraction for kidneys. True or false?

A

True

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5
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of blood that is erythrocytes

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6
Q

Water is ____% of plasma volume 

A

90

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7
Q

Proteins account for ____% of plasma by weight

A

8

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8
Q

What are the three layers of the adventitia?

A
  • tunica intima (simple squamous endothelium)
  • tunica media (smooth muscle)
  • tunica externa (connective tissue)
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9
Q

Recoil of arteries is described as…

A

Elastic

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10
Q

When a vessel does not expand much it is considered….

A

Low compliance

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11
Q

What type of vessels are Elastic, low compliance, pressure reservoirs?

A

Aorta and large arteries

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12
Q

What type of vessels are resistance vessels, highest resistance in the system, radius regulated to control blood pressure or flow

A

Arterioles

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13
Q

Exchange vessels, individual capillary has highest resistance but so many in parallel that collective resistance is very low

A

Capillaries

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14
Q

Volume reservoir, high compliance, have valves

A

Venules and veins

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15
Q

What type of vessel has high compliance and which one has low compliance?

A

High compliance- veins

Low compliance- arteries

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16
Q

What determines fluid movement?

A

Starlings forces

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17
Q

What is Pcap and Pif?

A

Pcap- hydrostatic pressure in the capillary (blood pressure in the capillary)

Pif- hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid

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18
Q

What is Pi(cap)?

Pi(if)?

A

Pi(cap)-osmotic (oncotic) pressure in the capillary

Pi(if)-osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

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19
Q

Pi(cap) and Pi(if) is mainly due to what?

A

Soluble proteins

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20
Q

What are the four Starling forces?

A

P(cap)
P(if)
Pi(cap)
Pi(if)

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21
Q

________________ is positive and fluid moves out.

________________ is negative and fluid moves in

A

Filtration

Absorption

22
Q

What is net filtration pressure?

A

NFP = filtering pressures – absorbing pressures

NFP = (Pcap+Pi(if)) – (Pif+Pi(cap))

23
Q

Overall there is a slight _________ NFP over capillary length. Excess fluid is picked up by lymphatics and returned.

A

Positive

24
Q

What is ohms law?

What is the equation for resistance?

A

Q (flow) = delta P / Resistance

R ≈ ń•l / r^4

25
Q

 how do you calculate total peripheral resistance (TPR) for vessels in series and parallel?

A

Series: R(total) = R1 + R2 + R3 +Rn…

Parallel resistances: 1/R(total) 

26
Q

TPR =

A

The sum of the resistance of the aorta, arteries, arterial‘s, capillaries, venules, veins, and vena cava

27
Q

Because organs receive parallel arterial input, organs or even regions within an organ can regulate blood flow ____________ or independent of other organs or regions

A

Locally

28
Q

Blood pressure is regulated at the ____________ level whereas blood flow is regulated at the ______________ level.

Both involve controlling arterial __________.

A

Systemic

Local or tissue

Resistance

29
Q

MAP (mean arterial pressure) (average pressure in aorta)

MAP= 

A

= CO + TPR

= diastolic pressure + 1/3(SP-DP) 

30
Q

CO=

A

CO = MAP/ TPR

31
Q

How is blood flow regulated at the local level: regulating arterial resistance

A

Vasoconstriction or vasodilation

32
Q

what affects how blood flow is regulated at the local level by vasoconstriction or vasodilation??

A
  1. Metabolic regulations
    • Active hyperemia
    • reactive hyperemia
  2. Myogenic mechanism
33
Q

What is included in metabolic regulation of blood flow at the local level?

A

Local factors like CO2, H+, ADP, AMP, A

a) active hyperemia (increase in blood flow following an increase in metabolism) * very important for brain blood flow
b) increase in blood flow following a period of decrease in blood flow (occlusive blockage)

34
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism involved in blood flow regulated at the local level?

A

an increase in blood pressure…

  • increase flow
  • increase stretch on arteriole
  • increase arterial strength triggers arterial to vasoconstrict —-> increases resistance ——-> restores flow
  • Q= delta P/ R
  • happens in the kidney to keep flow constant
35
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)? 

A

MAP= DP + 1/3(SP-DP)

Q= delta P/ R &raquo_space;> CO= MAP/TPR
Or MAP = CO • TPR
Or MAP = HR • SV • TPR

36
Q

TPR is controlled by regulating arterial resistance through….

A

-norepinephrine, Epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin, angiotensin II 

37
Q

What regulates blood pressure in the short term? 

A

The arterial baroreflex 

38
Q

Renal functions include….

A
  • urea excretion (nitrogenous waste)
  • regulating pH balance
  • regulating osmotic balance
  • regulating ion concentrations
  • regulating volume (blood pressure)
39
Q

Where are the renal columns located and what do they include?

A

Between renal pyramids. Contains blood and nerve supply

40
Q

The space were urine collects

A

Renal pelvis

41
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron.

About 4 million per kidney

Includes (Bowmans capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule) 

42
Q

All of the nephron and collecting duct is what type of tissue?

A

Simple epithelium

43
Q

Describe the unique blood supply

A

Portal circulation (two capillary beds in series)

  • Afferent arteriole
  • glomerular capillaries
  • efferent arteriole 
  • Peritubular capillaries (vasa recta ——> loop) 
44
Q

Urinary excretion = 

A

Glomerular filtration – tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion

45
Q

Filtration

A

Protein free plasma (into Bowmans capsule) 

Salt, water, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed

46
Q

Mechanism of reabsorption

A

Isosmotic (no change in osmolarity as it goes through) 

Proximal tubule- 80% of reabsorption, non-regulated, 100% of glucose is reabsorbed most amino acids.
Cellular mechanism is secondary active cotransport with Na+ (water follows solute transport) 

47
Q

What happens in DT and CD?

A
  • only about 20% reabsorption

- regulated process (hormones: aldosterone and ADH) 

48
Q

Steroid hormone, secreted from adrenal cortex when

  • plasma K+ is high
  • angiotensin II is high (results from low volume) 
A

Aldosterone

49
Q

Aldosterone increases protein synthesis of….

A
  • Na+/K+ pumps
  • Na+ channels
  • K+ channels
50
Q
  • Secreted from posterior pituitary

- protein hormone secreted when • volume/BP Low • plasma concentration high 

A

ADH

51
Q

Action of ADH is to regulate the water permeability of…..

A

Collecting duct

Animal Physiology 4460 (14 decks)

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