Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the types of cellular work that use ATP?
- Chemical
- Mechanical
- Transport
 what part of the cellular respiration equation represents the digestive system?
(On the reactants side)
C6H12O6 +6 H2O
What part of the cellular respiration equation represents the respiratory system?
(Reactants side) 6 O2
(Products side) 6 CO2
What are the two subdivisions of the respiratory system?
Functional subdivision
- Conducting zone
- Respiratory zone (gas exchange)
Anatomical subdivision
- Upper airway
- Respiratory tract 
What does the upper airway include?
Pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity, epiglottis, glottis 
What anatomical structures make up the respiratory tract ?
Trachea, esophagus, lungs, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and down? ??
The conducting zone includes everything except?
 The respiratory bronchioles, alveoli and alveolar sac. Everything above is part of the conducting zone
What humidifies the air in the respiratory tract?
Mucus
Mucus traps particulate matters and cilla function to move mucus up
Mucus escalator
The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchial constriction or bronchodilation?
Bronchial constriction
Bronchodilation for sympathetic
What are the epithelial cells that secrete mucus?
Goblet cells
Cartilage increases as you go up or down the respiratory track?
Up
Smooth muscle increases when you go up or down the respiratory track?
Down
Goblet cells increase as you go up or down the respiratory tract?
Up
Cillia increases as you go up or down the respiratory tract?
Up
What is inside the walls of the alveolus?
Water
What are the three important cells of the Alveolus? 
- type one cells
- type two cells
- alveolar macrophage 
Important cells that form the wall of the Alveolus
Type one cells (simple squamous epithelium)
Important cells of the alveolus that produce pulmonary surfactant
Type two cells
-key to improve infant death prevention
Produced by type two cells that decreases surface tension of water. Without this the alveolus would collapse and get stuck together due to cohesive force of water
Pulmonary surfactant
Cells in the alveolus that gobbles up stuff
Alveolar macrophage 
What is the respiratory membrane made up of? (The membrane that gases must diffuse)
- Type one cells
- Fused basement membrane
- Capillary endothelial cell
What is it called when all things are going in the same direction? (By pressure gradient)
Bulk flow (part of external respiration)
Internal respiration is also known as…
Cellular respiration * anaerobic respiration
What are the four parts of external respiration? 
- Pulmonary ventilation- gases into or out of the lung, the process of *bulk flow
- Diffusional exchange between the alveolus and the blood
- Gas transport in the blood *bulk flow
- Diffusional exchange between blood and tissues (cells) 
What forms the thoracic cavity?
Helps expand the chest
- Diaphragm
* chest wall (rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, connective tissue, intercostal muscles)
The interplural space (fluid-filled) is between….
Visceral pleura and parietal pleura
What makes up the pleural sac?
Visceral pleura, interpleural space, parietal pleura
Boyles law is an inverse relationship between __________ and __________
Volume and pressure
(Think of number of air molecules and size of space) 
What does Boyle’s law simplify to? PV=nRT
P ≈ n/v
(n= Number of solutes/particles)
* know the relationship of the equations, if one variable goes up what happens? Etc.
What is ohms law for gases and liquids?
Q = (P1-P2/R)
Q= flow  R= resistance (low)
Delta P usually only 1 mmHg
R = (n l / r^4)
n= viscosity of air or fluid l= length r= radius
Most important factor is radius! Mucus can change radius
For ohms law, what determines the direction of flow?
If either P1 or P2 is greater, it will flow in opposite direction
What are the necessary pressures to know to understand mechanics of pulmonary ventilation?
- atmospheric pressure (P atm)
- intra-alveolar pressure (P alv)
- Intrapleural pressure (P ip)
-  transpulmonary (AKA transmural) pressure (P TP)
What is atmospheric pressure (P atm)?
Outside pressure
1 atm = 760 mmHg
As the altitude increases pressure in atmosphere decreases
By convention we refer to (P atm) as 0 mmHg reference
What is intra-alveolar pressure (P alv)?
Pressure in Alveolus
Normally varies from -1 (goes into the lung) to one (go out of lung) mm Hg for a quiet breathing
What is intrapleural pressure (P IP)?
Pressure in the intrapleural space
Normally ranges from -4 to -6 mm Hg (increase volume by pulling intrapleural space apart) 
What is transpulmonary pressure (P TP)? AKA transmural
The distending pressure
(P alv) - (P IP)
My no air is moving in or out of lungs (transition phase) pressure is 0 mm Hg 
Pulmonary ventilation adjusts to meet ________
Metabolic demand! 
Total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory system in one minute.
How is it calculated?
Minute ventilation
Ve = Vt (title volume ml) x RR (breaths per minute) 
The conducting zone of the airway takes up volume. At the end of an expiration the conducting zone is full of old air. We call this volume the…….
On subsequent inspiration, this will be the first gas that enters the alveoli
Anatomical dead space volume (Vds) 
The amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute…
Equation?
Alveolar ventilation
Va = (Vt x RR) - (Vds x RR)
What is average V(ds)? 
150 ml
Any change in your overall metabolism must be met with an appropriate change in ….
Alveolar ventilation, Va 
