Chapter 1

Question 1

what is the central discipline in biology? Scientific basis of medicine

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

There are over ______ cell types

Answer 2

200

Question 3

What are the different types of tissues?

Answer 3

• epithelial
• muscle (smooth)
• connective
• nervous 

Question 4

Organic building blocks…

Answer 4

• nucleic acids
• lipids
• fats
• carbohydrates

Question 5

True or false

Most organs have all four tissue types to form new functions

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What are the levels of biological organization?

Answer 6

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere

Question 7

What cell type covers all free services of the body, internal and external.

Answer 7

Epithelial cells

Question 8

Everything must pass a ______ cell layer to get into the body 

Answer 8

Epithelial

Question 9

What is considered internal versus external in the body?

Answer 9

Internal is everything behind epithelium

Question 10

Solutes in the external cellular fluid and the internal cellular fluid should or should not be an equilibrium?

Answer 10

Should not be in equilibrium

Question 11

Is potassium (K+) higher in ICF or ECF?
Is sodium (Na+) higher in ICF or ECF?

Answer 11

ICF

ECF

Question 12

Is glucose higher in ICF or ECF?

Answer 12

ECF

Question 13

What is the definition of homeostasis?

Answer 13

It is maintaining a relatively stable internal environment in the face of external change

• dynamic
• not a set point but a set range (and it can change)
• disease and health is associated with this

Question 14

Homeostasis is typically maintained by….

Answer 14

Feedback regulation

• positive feedback
• negative feedback

Question 15

This type of feedback pushes further in the direction of change. It is not as common

Answer 15

Positive feedback

Question 16

When the system works to bring back the change variable in the opposite direction

Answer 16

Negative feedback

Question 17

What are the necessary components of negative feedback regulation?

Answer 17

Sensor
Input
Control center (Setpoint)
Output
Effector (mediate the change)


Question 18

Error signal =

Answer 18

Setpoint - measured variable

Based on the comparison it sends out signals

Question 19

What are the principal organ systems that regulate most body processes?

Answer 19

• nervous system
• endocrine system

Physiologically we can only do two things (move and secrete)

Question 20

The principal effectors that mediate physiological responses are:

Answer 20

Muscles and glands